Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China
中华人民共和国民法典
(Adopted at the Third Session of the Thirteenth National People’s Congress on May 28, 2020)
（2020年5月28日第十三届全国人民代表大会第三次会议通过）
Book Two Real Rights
第二编 物权
Part One General Provisions
第一分编 通则
Chapter I General Rules
第一章 一般规定
Article 205 This Book regulates the civil-law relations arising from the attribution and utilization of things.
第二百零五条 本编调整因物的归属和利用产生的民事关系。
Article 206 The State upholds and improves the fundamental socialist economic systems, such as the ownership system under which diverse forms of ownership co-develop with public ownership as the mainstay, the distribution system under which multiple forms of distribution co-exist with distribution according to work as the mainstay, as well as the system of socialist market economy.
第二百零六条 国家坚持和完善公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展，按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存，社会主义市场经济体制等社会主义基本经济制度。
The State consolidates and develops the public sector of the economy, and encourages, supports, and guides the development of the non-public sector of the economy.
国家巩固和发展公有制经济，鼓励、支持和引导非公有制经济的发展。
The State implements a socialist market economy and protects the equal legal status and development rights of all market participants.
国家实行社会主义市场经济，保障一切市场主体的平等法律地位和发展权利。
Article 207 The real rights of the State, collectives, private individuals, and the other right holders are equally protected by law and free from infringement by any organization or individual.
第二百零七条 国家、集体、私人的物权和其他权利人的物权受法律平等保护，任何组织或者个人不得侵犯。
Article 208 The creation, alteration, alienation, or extinguishment of the real rights in immovable property shall be registered in accordance with law. The creation and alienation of real rights in movable property shall be subject to the delivery of the movable property in accordance with law.
第二百零八条 不动产物权的设立、变更、转让和消灭，应当依照法律规定登记。动产物权的设立和转让，应当依照法律规定交付。
Chapter II Creation, Alteration, Alienation, and Extinguishment of Real Rights
第二章 物权的设立、变更、转让和消灭
Section 1 Registration of Immovable property
第一节 不动产登记
Article 209 The creation, alteration, alienation, or extinguishment of a real right in immovable property shall become effective upon registration in accordance with law, and shall not take effect without registration, unless otherwise provided by law.
第二百零九条 不动产物权的设立、变更、转让和消灭，经依法登记，发生效力；未经登记，不发生效力，但是法律另有规定的除外。
Ownership registration is not required for natural resources that are owned by the State in accordance with law.
依法属于国家所有的自然资源，所有权可以不登记。
Article 210 The registration of immovable property shall be handled by the registration authority at the place where the immovable property is located.
第二百一十条 不动产登记，由不动产所在地的登记机构办理。
The State implements a unified registration system with respect to immovable property. The scope, authorities, and measures for the unified registration shall be specified by laws and administrative regulations.
国家对不动产实行统一登记制度。统一登记的范围、登记机构和登记办法，由法律、行政法规规定。
Article 211 When applying for registration of immoveable property, an applicant shall, in light of the different items to be registered, provide necessary materials such as the proof of real rights, metes and bounds, and area of the immovable property.
第二百一十一条 当事人申请登记，应当根据不同登记事项提供权属证明和不动产界址、面积等必要材料。
Article 212 The registration authority shall perform the following responsibilities:
第二百一十二条 登记机构应当履行下列职责：
(1) to examine the proof of real rights and other necessary materials provided by the applicant;
（一）查验申请人提供的权属证明和其他必要材料；
(2) to inquire the relevant registration items of the applicant;
（二）就有关登记事项询问申请人；
(3) to register the relevant items truthfully and in a timely manner; and
（三）如实、及时登记有关事项；
(4) to perform other responsibilities as provided by laws and administrative regulations.
（四）法律、行政法规规定的其他职责。
Where further proof is required for the relevant information of the immovable property to be registered, the registration authority may require the applicant to provide supplementary materials, and may conduct onsite inspection where necessary.
申请登记的不动产的有关情况需要进一步证明的，登记机构可以要求申请人补充材料，必要时可以实地查看。
Article 213 A registration authority may not engage in the following acts:
第二百一十三条 登记机构不得有下列行为：
(1) to require an appraisal of the immovable property;
（一）要求对不动产进行评估；
(2) to carry out repeated registration in the name of annual inspection, and the like; or
（二）以年检等名义进行重复登记；
(3) to engage in other acts that exceed the scope of its responsibilities for registration.
（三）超出登记职责范围的其他行为。
Article 214 The creation, alteration, alienation, or extinguishment of a real right of the immovable property that is required by law to be registered becomes effective at the time when it is recorded in the register of immovable property.
第二百一十四条 不动产物权的设立、变更、转让和消灭，依照法律规定应当登记的，自记载于不动产登记簿时发生效力。
Article 215 A contract concluded by the parties on the creation, alteration, alienation, or extinguishment of a real right becomes effective upon its formation, unless it is otherwise provided by law or agreed upon by the parties, and the validity of the contract is not affected by the fact that the real right is not registered.
第二百一十五条 当事人之间订立有关设立、变更、转让和消灭不动产物权的合同，除法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定外，自合同成立时生效；未办理物权登记的，不影响合同效力。
Article 216 The register of immovable property is the basis for determining the attribution and contents of the real rights in immovable property.
第二百一十六条 不动产登记簿是物权归属和内容的根据。
The register of immovable property shall be kept by the registration authority.
不动产登记簿由登记机构管理。
Article 217 The real right certificate for immovable property is a proof of a right holder’s entitlement to the real right in the immovable property. The items recorded in the real right certificate for immovable property shall be consistent with what are recorded in the register of immovable property; in case of inconsistency between the two, what is recorded in the register of immovable property shall prevail, unless there is evidence establishing a clear error in the register of immovable property.
第二百一十七条 不动产权属证书是权利人享有该不动产物权的证明。不动产权属证书记载的事项，应当与不动产登记簿一致；记载不一致的，除有证据证明不动产登记簿确有错误外，以不动产登记簿为准。
Article 218 A right holder or an interested person may apply for retrieving and making copies of the information of the registered immovable property, and the registration authority shall provide the information.
第二百一十八条 权利人、利害关系人可以申请查询、复制不动产登记资料，登记机构应当提供。
Article 219 An interested person may not disclose or illegally use the registered information of a right holder’s immovable property.
第二百一十九条 利害关系人不得公开、非法使用权利人的不动产登记资料。
Article 220 A right holder or an interested person may apply for rectification of the registration if he believes that an item is incorrectly recorded in the register of immovable property. Where the right holder as recorded in the register of immovable property agrees in writing to make rectification, or where there is evidence establishing a clear error in the register, the registration authority shall rectify it.
第二百二十条 权利人、利害关系人认为不动产登记簿记载的事项错误的，可以申请更正登记。不动产登记簿记载的权利人书面同意更正或者有证据证明登记确有错误的，登记机构应当予以更正。
Where the right holder as recorded in the register of immovable property does not agree to make rectification, an interested person may apply for registration of a demurrer. Where the registration authority registers the demurrer but the applicant fails to file a lawsuit within 15 days from the date of such a registration, the registration of demurrer becomes ineffective. Where a demurrer is improperly registered and damage is thus caused to the right holder, the right holder may request the applicant to pay damages.
不动产登记簿记载的权利人不同意更正的，利害关系人可以申请异议登记。登记机构予以异议登记，申请人自异议登记之日起十五日内不提起诉讼的，异议登记失效。异议登记不当，造成权利人损害的，权利人可以向申请人请求损害赔偿。
Article 221 Where the parties enter into an agreement for the sale of a house or on any other real right in immovable property, they may apply for registration of a priority notice to a registration authority in accordance with the agreement so as to ensure the realization of the real right in the future. Where, after the priority notice is registered, the immovable property is disposed of without the consent of the right holder as registered in the priority notice, the disposition is not effective in terms of the real right.
第二百二十一条 当事人签订买卖房屋的协议或者签订其他不动产物权的协议，为保障将来实现物权，按照约定可以向登记机构申请预告登记。预告登记后，未经预告登记的权利人同意，处分该不动产的，不发生物权效力。
Where, after the priority notice is registered, no application for registration of the real right of immovable property has been made within 90 days from the date on which the creditor’s claim extinguishes or the immovable property is eligible for registration, the registration of the priority notice becomes ineffective.
预告登记后，债权消灭或者自能够进行不动产登记之日起九十日内未申请登记的，预告登记失效。
Article 222 A party who provides false materials upon application for registration and thus causes damage to another person shall be liable for compensation.
第二百二十二条 当事人提供虚假材料申请登记，造成他人损害的，应当承担赔偿责任。
Where damage is caused to another person due to a clerical error upon registration, the registration authority shall be liable for compensation. After having made such compensation, the registration authority has the right to indemnification against the person who has made the error.
因登记错误，造成他人损害的，登记机构应当承担赔偿责任。登记机构赔偿后，可以向造成登记错误的人追偿。
Article 223 The fee for the registration of immovable property shall be collected on a piece-by-piece basis and may not be collected in proportion to the area, size, or purchase price of the immovable property.
第二百二十三条 不动产登记费按件收取，不得按照不动产的面积、体积或者价款的比例收取。
Section 2 Delivery of Movable Property
第二节 动产交付
Article 224 The creation or alienation of a real right in movable property shall take effect upon delivery, unless otherwise provided by law.
第二百二十四条 动产物权的设立和转让，自交付时发生效力，但是法律另有规定的除外。
Article 225 The creation, alteration, alienation, or extinguishment of the real rights in vessels, aircrafts, motor vehicles, and the like, that have not been registered is not effective against a bona fide third person.
第二百二十五条 船舶、航空器和机动车等的物权的设立、变更、转让和消灭，未经登记，不得对抗善意第三人。
Article 226 Where a right holder is already in possession of a movable property before a real right in the movable property is created or alienated, the real right in the movable property becomes effective at the time when the civil juristic act is effected.
第二百二十六条 动产物权设立和转让前，权利人已经占有该动产的，物权自民事法律行为生效时发生效力。
Article 227 Where a third person is in possession of a movable property before a real right in the movable property is created or alienated, the person obligated to deliver the movable property may transfer his right to restitution against the third person as substitute for delivery.
第二百二十七条 动产物权设立和转让前，第三人占有该动产的，负有交付义务的人可以通过转让请求第三人返还原物的权利代替交付。
Article 228 Where, upon alienation of a real right in movable property, the parties agree that the transferor continues to be in possession of the movable property, the real right in the movable property becomes effective at the time when such an agreement enters into effect.
第二百二十八条 动产物权转让时，当事人又约定由出让人继续占有该动产的，物权自该约定生效时发生效力。
Section 3 Other Rules
第三节 其他规定
Article 229 Where a real right is created, altered, alienated, or extinguished as a result of a legal document issued by the people’s court or an arbitration institution, or based on an expropriation decision made by the people’s government, the creation, alteration, alienation, or extinguishment of the real right becomes effective at the time when the legal document or expropriation decision enters into effect.
第二百二十九条 因人民法院、仲裁机构的法律文书或者人民政府的征收决定等，导致物权设立、变更、转让或者消灭的，自法律文书或者征收决定等生效时发生效力。
Article 230 Where a real right is acquired through succession, the real right as inherited becomes effective at the time when the succession opens.
第二百三十条 因继承取得物权的，自继承开始时发生效力。
Article 231 Where a real right is created or extinguished as a result of a de facto act such as lawful construction or demolition of a house, the creation or extinguishment of the real right becomes effective when the de facto act is accomplished.
第二百三十一条 因合法建造、拆除房屋等事实行为设立或者消灭物权的，自事实行为成就时发生效力。
Article 232 Where disposition of a real right in immovable property as provided in this Section is required by law to be registered, the disposition of the real right, if not so registered, is not effective.
第二百三十二条 处分依照本节规定享有的不动产物权，依照法律规定需要办理登记的，未经登记，不发生物权效力。
Chapter III Protection of Real Rights
第三章 物权的保护
Article 233 Where a real right is infringed upon, the right holder may have the problem solved by means of settlement, mediation, arbitration, litigation, and the like.
第二百三十三条 物权受到侵害的，权利人可以通过和解、调解、仲裁、诉讼等途径解决。
Article 234 Where a dispute arises over the attribution or contents of a real right, an interested person may request for confirmation of the right.
第二百三十四条 因物权的归属、内容发生争议的，利害关系人可以请求确认权利。
Article 235 Where an immovable or movable property is possessed by a person not entitled to do so, the right holder may request for restitution.
第二百三十五条 无权占有不动产或者动产的，权利人可以请求返还原物。
Article 236 Where there is a nuisance or a potential nuisance against a real right, the right holder may request for removal of the nuisance or elimination of the danger.
第二百三十六条 妨害物权或者可能妨害物权的，权利人可以请求排除妨害或者消除危险。
Article 237 Where an immovable or movable property is destructed or damaged, the right holder may request for the repair, redoing, replacement, or restoration to the original condition in accordance with law.
第二百三十七条 造成不动产或者动产毁损的，权利人可以依法请求修理、重作、更换或者恢复原状。
Article 238 Where a real right is infringed upon and damage is thus caused, the right holder may, in accordance with law, request the infringing person to pay damages or bear other civil liabilities.
第二百三十八条 侵害物权，造成权利人损害的，权利人可以依法请求损害赔偿，也可以依法请求承担其他民事责任。
Article 239 The forms of real right protection provided in this Chapter may be applied either separately or concurrently according to the circumstances of the infringement of a right.
第二百三十九条 本章规定的物权保护方式，可以单独适用，也可以根据权利被侵害的情形合并适用。
Part Two Ownership
第二分编 所有权
Chapter IV General Rules
第四章 一般规定
Article 240 An owner is entitled to possess, use, benefit from, and dispose of his own immovable or movable property in accordance with law.
第二百四十条 所有权人对自己的不动产或者动产，依法享有占有、使用、收益和处分的权利。
Article 241 An owner of immovable or movable property is entitled to create a right to usufruct and a security interest on his own immovable or movable property. A usufructuary or security interest holder, when exercising their rights, shall not harm the rights and interests of the owner.
第二百四十一条 所有权人有权在自己的不动产或者动产上设立用益物权和担保物权。用益物权人、担保物权人行使权利，不得损害所有权人的权益。
Article 242 Where an immovable or movable property is provided by law to be exclusively owned by the State, no organization or individual may acquire ownership of it.
第二百四十二条 法律规定专属于国家所有的不动产和动产，任何组织或者个人不能取得所有权。
Article 243 For the need of the public interest, the collectively-owned land and the houses and other immovable property of an organization or individual may be expropriated within the scope of authority and pursuant to the procedures provided by law.
第二百四十三条 为了公共利益的需要，依照法律规定的权限和程序可以征收集体所有的土地和组织、个人的房屋以及其他不动产。
In the case of expropriation of collectively-owned land, land compensation fees, resettlement subsidies, and compensation fees for rural villagers’ dwellings and other ground attachments as well as young crops shall be paid in full in a timely manner in accordance with law, and social security premiums of the farmers whose land has been expropriated shall be arranged, their lives secured, and their lawful rights and interests safeguarded.
征收集体所有的土地，应当依法及时足额支付土地补偿费、安置补助费以及农村村民住宅、其他地上附着物和青苗等的补偿费用，并安排被征地农民的社会保障费用，保障被征地农民的生活，维护被征地农民的合法权益。
In the case of expropriation of houses or other immovable property of organizations or individuals, compensation for the expropriation shall be made in accordance with law in order to safeguard the lawful rights and interests of the person whose immovable property has been expropriated. In the case of expropriation of individuals’ dwelling houses, the housing conditions of such individuals shall also be guaranteed.
征收组织、个人的房屋以及其他不动产，应当依法给予征收补偿，维护被征收人的合法权益；征收个人住宅的，还应当保障被征收人的居住条件。
No organization or individual may embezzle, misappropriate, secretly distribute, intercept, default on the payment of the expropriation compensation fees, or the like.
任何组织或者个人不得贪污、挪用、私分、截留、拖欠征收补偿费等费用。
Article 244 The State provides special protection to cultivated land, strictly restricts the conversion of agricultural land into land used for construction purposes, and controls the overall volume of the land used for construction purposes. Collectively-owned land may not be expropriated exceeding the scope of authority or in violation of the procedures provided by law.
第二百四十四条 国家对耕地实行特殊保护，严格限制农用地转为建设用地，控制建设用地总量。不得违反法律规定的权限和程序征收集体所有的土地。
Article 245 An immovable or movable property of an organization or individual may, in response to an emergency such as providing disaster relief and preventing and controlling pandemics, be requisitioned within the scope of authority and pursuant to the procedures provided by law. The requisitioned immovable or movable property shall be returned to the aforementioned organization or individual after use. Where the immovable or movable property of an organization or individual is requisitioned, or where it is destructed, damaged, or lost after being requisitioned, compensation shall be made.
第二百四十五条 因抢险救灾、疫情防控等紧急需要，依照法律规定的权限和程序可以征用组织、个人的不动产或者动产。被征用的不动产或者动产使用后，应当返还被征用人。组织、个人的不动产或者动产被征用或者征用后毁损、灭失的，应当给予补偿。
Chapter V State Ownership, Collective Ownership and Private Ownership
第五章 国家所有权和集体所有权、私人所有权
Article 246 Where a property is provided by law to be owned by the State, the property belongs to the State, namely, to the whole people.
第二百四十六条 法律规定属于国家所有的财产，属于国家所有即全民所有。
The ownership rights over the State-owned property shall be exercised by the State Council on behalf of the State, unless otherwise provided by law.
国有财产由国务院代表国家行使所有权。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。
Article 247 Mineral deposits, waters, and sea areas are owned by the State.
第二百四十七条 矿藏、水流、海域属于国家所有。
Article 248 Uninhabited islands are owned by the State, and the State Council exercises the ownership rights over the uninhabited islands on behalf of the State.
第二百四十八条 无居民海岛属于国家所有，国务院代表国家行使无居民海岛所有权。
Article 249 Urban land is owned by the State. Land in rural and urban suburbs that is provided by law to be owned by the State is owned by the State.
第二百四十九条 城市的土地，属于国家所有。法律规定属于国家所有的农村和城市郊区的土地，属于国家所有。
Article 250 Natural resources, such as forests, mountain ridges, grasslands, unreclaimed lands, and mudflats, other than those provided by law to be collectively-owned, are owned by the State．
第二百五十条 森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂等自然资源，属于国家所有，但是法律规定属于集体所有的除外。
Article 251 The wild animal and plant resources that are provided by law to be owned by the State are owned by the State.
第二百五十一条 法律规定属于国家所有的野生动植物资源，属于国家所有。
Article 252 Radio-frequency spectrum resources are owned by the State.
第二百五十二条 无线电频谱资源属于国家所有。
Article 253 The cultural relics that are provided by law to be owned by the State are owned by the State.
第二百五十三条 法律规定属于国家所有的文物，属于国家所有。
Article 254 The assets for national defense are owned by the State.
第二百五十四条 国防资产属于国家所有。
Infrastructures such as railways, roads, electric power facilities, telecommunication facilities, as well as oil and gas pipelines that are provided by law to be owned by the State are owned by the State.
铁路、公路、电力设施、电信设施和油气管道等基础设施，依照法律规定为国家所有的，属于国家所有。
Article 255 A State organ has the right to possess and use the immovable and movable property directly under its control and to dispose of such property in accordance with law and the relevant regulations made by the State Council.
第二百五十五条 国家机关对其直接支配的不动产和动产，享有占有、使用以及依照法律和国务院的有关规定处分的权利。
Article 256 A public institution established by the State has the right to possess and use the immovable and movable property directly under its control, and to benefit from and dispose of such property in accordance with law and the relevant regulations made by the State Council.
第二百五十六条 国家举办的事业单位对其直接支配的不动产和动产，享有占有、使用以及依照法律和国务院的有关规定收益、处分的权利。
Article 257 With respect to enterprises invested by the State, the State Council and the local people’s governments shall, on behalf of the State, perform the investor’s duties and enjoy the investor’s rights and interests respectively in accordance with laws and administrative regulations.
第二百五十七条 国家出资的企业，由国务院、地方人民政府依照法律、行政法规规定分别代表国家履行出资人职责，享有出资人权益。
Article 258 The State-owned property is protected by law, and no organization or individual may misappropriate, loot, secretly distribute, intercept, or destroy such property.
第二百五十八条 国家所有的财产受法律保护，禁止任何组织或者个人侵占、哄抢、私分、截留、破坏。
Article 259 Institutions and their staff with the duties of administration and supervision over the State-owned property shall strengthen the administration and supervision of the State-owned property in accordance with law, strive to preserve and increase the value of such property and prevent any loss thereof; they shall assume legal liabilities in accordance with law if losses are caused to the State-owned property as a result of their abuse of powers or dereliction of duties.
第二百五十九条 履行国有财产管理、监督职责的机构及其工作人员，应当依法加强对国有财产的管理、监督，促进国有财产保值增值，防止国有财产损失；滥用职权，玩忽职守，造成国有财产损失的，应当依法承担法律责任。
A person, who causes losses to the State-owned property by transferring it at low prices, secretly distributing it in conspiracy with other persons, creating a security interest on it without authorization, or by other means in the course of enterprise restructuring, merger or division, affiliated transactions, and the like, in violation of the provisions on the administration of the State-owned property, shall bear legal liability in accordance with law.
违反国有财产管理规定，在企业改制、合并分立、关联交易等过程中，低价转让、合谋私分、擅自担保或者以其他方式造成国有财产损失的，应当依法承担法律责任。
Article 260 The collectively-owned immovable and movable property include:
第二百六十条 集体所有的不动产和动产包括：
(1) the land, forests, mountain ridges, grasslands, unreclaimed land and mudflats that are provided by law to be owned by collectives;
（一）法律规定属于集体所有的土地和森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂；
(2) the buildings, production facilities, and farmland water conservancy facilities that are owned by collectives;
（二）集体所有的建筑物、生产设施、农田水利设施；
(3) the educational, scientific, cultural, public health, sports, and other facilities that are owned by collectives; and
（三）集体所有的教育、科学、文化、卫生、体育等设施；
(4) any other immovable and movable property that are owned by collectives.
（四）集体所有的其他不动产和动产。
The immovable and movable property of a farmer collective are collectively owned by the members of this collective.
第二百六十一条 农民集体所有的不动产和动产，属于本集体成员集体所有。
The following matters shall be decided by the collective’s members in accordance with statutory procedures:
下列事项应当依照法定程序经本集体成员决定：
(1) land contracting schemes, and the subcontracting of land to any organization or individual outside this collective;
（一）土地承包方案以及将土地发包给本集体以外的组织或者个人承包；
(2) adjustment to the contracted land among the persons who have the right to contractual management of land;
（二）个别土地承包经营权人之间承包地的调整；
(3) methods for the use and distribution of funds such as land compensation fees;
（三）土地补偿费等费用的使用、分配办法；
(4) matters such as changes in the ownership of enterprises invested by the collective; and
（四）集体出资的企业的所有权变动等事项；
(5) other matters as provided by law.
（五）法律规定的其他事项。
Article 262 With respect to the collectively-owned land, forests, mountain ridges, grasslands, unreclaimed land, mudflats, and the like, the ownership thereof shall be exercised in accordance with the following provisions:
第二百六十二条 对于集体所有的土地和森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂等，依照下列规定行使所有权：
(1) where they are owned by the farmer collective of a village, the ownership shall be exercised collectively by the collective economic organization of the village or the villagers’ committee on behalf of the collective in accordance with law;
（一）属于村农民集体所有的，由村集体经济组织或者村民委员会依法代表集体行使所有权；
(2) where they are owned by two or more farmer collectives within a village, the ownership shall be exercised by the respective collective economic organizations or the villagers’ groups on behalf of the collectives in accordance with law; and
（二）分别属于村内两个以上农民集体所有的，由村内各该集体经济组织或者村民小组依法代表集体行使所有权；
(3) where they are owned collectively by the farmer collective of a rural-town, the ownership shall be exercised by the economic organizations of the town on behalf of the collective.
（三）属于乡镇农民集体所有的，由乡镇集体经济组织代表集体行使所有权。
Article 263 With respect to the immovable and movable property owned by an urban-town collective, the collective is entitled to possess, use, benefit from, and dispose of such property in accordance with laws and administrative regulations.
第二百六十三条 城镇集体所有的不动产和动产，依照法律、行政法规的规定由本集体享有占有、使用、收益和处分的权利。
Article 264 Rural collective economic organizations, villagers’ committees, and villagers’ groups shall make the situation of the collectively-owned property known to the members of this collective in accordance with laws, administrative regulations, and their articles of association, as well as the local covenants. Members of the collective have the right to retrieve and make copies of the relevant materials.
第二百六十四条 农村集体经济组织或者村民委员会、村民小组应当依照法律、行政法规以及章程、村规民约向本集体成员公布集体财产的状况。集体成员有权查阅、复制相关资料。
Article 265 The property owned by a collective is protected by law, and no organization or individual may misappropriate, loot, secretly distribute, or destruct such property.
第二百六十五条 集体所有的财产受法律保护，禁止任何组织或者个人侵占、哄抢、私分、破坏。
Where a decision made by a rural collective economic organization, a villagers’ committee, or the person in charge thereof infringes upon the lawful rights and interests of a member of the collective, the infringed member may request the people’s court to revoke the decision.
农村集体经济组织、村民委员会或者其负责人作出的决定侵害集体成员合法权益的，受侵害的集体成员可以请求人民法院予以撤销。
Article 266 A private individual has the right to own his lawful income, houses, articles for daily use, production tools, raw materials, as well as other immovable and movable property.
第二百六十六条 私人对其合法的收入、房屋、生活用品、生产工具、原材料等不动产和动产享有所有权。
Article 267 The property lawfully owned by a private individual is protected by law, and no organization or individual may misappropriate, loot, or destruct such property.
第二百六十七条 私人的合法财产受法律保护，禁止任何组织或者个人侵占、哄抢、破坏。
Article 268 The State, collectives, and private individuals may establish companies with limited liabilities, joint stock companies limited by shares, or other enterprises through making capital contributions in accordance with law. Where the immovable or movable property of the State, collectives, and private individuals are invested in an enterprise, the investors are, in accordance with their agreement or in proportion to their investment, entitled to receive returns on the assets, make major decisions, and select business managers, and obligated to perform their duties.
第二百六十八条 国家、集体和私人依法可以出资设立有限责任公司、股份有限公司或者其他企业。国家、集体和私人所有的不动产或者动产投到企业的，由出资人按照约定或者出资比例享有资产收益、重大决策以及选择经营管理者等权利并履行义务。
Article 269 A for-profit legal person has the right to possess, use, benefit from, and dispose of its immovable and movable property in accordance with laws, administrative regulations, and its articles of association.
第二百六十九条 营利法人对其不动产和动产依照法律、行政法规以及章程享有占有、使用、收益和处分的权利。
The provisions of the relevant laws, administrative regulations, and articles of association shall apply to the rights of a legal person other than a for-profit legal person with respect to its immovable and movable property.
营利法人以外的法人，对其不动产和动产的权利，适用有关法律、行政法规以及章程的规定。
Article 270 The immovable and movable property that is lawfully owned by a social-organization legal person or an endowed legal person is protected by law.
第二百七十条 社会团体法人、捐助法人依法所有的不动产和动产，受法律保护。
Chapter VI Ownership of a Building’s Units
第六章 业主的建筑物区分所有权
Article 271 A unit owner has the ownership over an exclusive unit of a building, such as a dwelling space or a space used for operating businesses, and has the right to co-own and jointly manage the common space other than the unit.
第二百七十一条 业主对建筑物内的住宅、经营性用房等专有部分享有所有权，对专有部分以外的共有部分享有共有和共同管理的权利。
Article 272 A unit owner has the right to possess, use, benefit from, and dispose of his exclusive unit of a building. The unit owner may not, when exercising his rights, endanger the safety of the building or impair the lawful rights and interests of other unit owners.
第二百七十二条 业主对其建筑物专有部分享有占有、使用、收益和处分的权利。业主行使权利不得危及建筑物的安全，不得损害其他业主的合法权益。
Article 273 A unit owner has rights and assumes duties with respect to the common space outside his exclusive unit of a building，and may not refuse to perform such duties on the ground that he has waived such rights.
第二百七十三条 业主对建筑物专有部分以外的共有部分，享有权利，承担义务；不得以放弃权利为由不履行义务。
While a unit owner transfers a dwelling space or the space used for business operations owned by him in a building, his rights to co-own and jointly manage the common space therein shall be transferred concomitantly.
业主转让建筑物内的住宅、经营性用房，其对共有部分享有的共有和共同管理的权利一并转让。
Article 274 Roads within the construction zone are co-owned by all unit owners, except for those that are part of the urban public roads. Green spaces within the construction zone are co-owned by all unit owners, except for those that are part of the urban public green spaces and those expressly indicated to be owned by private individuals. Other public places, public facilities, and spaces used for property management service within the construction zone are co-owned by all unit owners.
第二百七十四条 建筑区划内的道路，属于业主共有，但是属于城镇公共道路的除外。建筑区划内的绿地，属于业主共有，但是属于城镇公共绿地或者明示属于个人的除外。建筑区划内的其他公共场所、公用设施和物业服务用房，属于业主共有。
Article 275 The ownership of the parking spaces and garages planned for parking vehicles within the construction zone shall be agreed upon by the parties by way of selling, giving away as gifts, leasing, and the like.
第二百七十五条 建筑区划内，规划用于停放汽车的车位、车库的归属，由当事人通过出售、附赠或者出租等方式约定。
The parking spaces for parking vehicles that occupy the roads or other spaces co-owned by all unit owners are co-owned by all unit owners.
占用业主共有的道路或者其他场地用于停放汽车的车位，属于业主共有。
Article 276 The parking spaces and garages planned for parking vehicles within the construction zone shall first meet the needs of the unit owners.
第二百七十六条 建筑区划内，规划用于停放汽车的车位、车库应当首先满足业主的需要。
Article 277 The unit owners may establish the owners’ assembly and elect the members of the owners’ committee. The specific conditions of and procedures for the establishment of the owners’ assembly and the owners’ committee shall be in accordance with laws and regulations.
第二百七十七条 业主可以设立业主大会，选举业主委员会。业主大会、业主委员会成立的具体条件和程序，依照法律、法规的规定。
The relevant department of the local people’s government and the residents’ committee shall provide guidance to and assistance in the establishment of the owners’ assembly and the election of the members of the owners’ committee.
地方人民政府有关部门、居民委员会应当对设立业主大会和选举业主委员会给予指导和协助。
Article 278 The following matters shall be jointly decided by the unit owners:
第二百七十八条 下列事项由业主共同决定：
(1) to formulate and amend the procedural rules of the owners’ assembly;
（一）制定和修改业主大会议事规则；
(2) to formulate and amend the stipulations on management;
（二）制定和修改管理规约；
(3) to elect or replace members of the owners’ committee;
（三）选举业主委员会或者更换业主委员会成员；
(4) to employ and remove the property management service enterprise or other managers;
（四）选聘和解聘物业服务企业或者其他管理人；
(5) to use maintenance funds for buildings and auxiliary facilities thereof;
（五）使用建筑物及其附属设施的维修资金；
(6) to raise maintenance funds for buildings and auxiliary facilities thereof;
（六）筹集建筑物及其附属设施的维修资金；
(7) to renovate and reconstruct buildings and auxiliary facilities thereof;
（七）改建、重建建筑物及其附属设施；
(8) to change the intended use of the co-owned space or making use of the co-owned space to engage in business activities; and
（八）改变共有部分的用途或者利用共有部分从事经营活动；
(9) to handle other major matters relating to co-ownership and the right to joint management.
（九）有关共有和共同管理权利的其他重大事项。
The quorum for matters subject to the unit owners’ joint decision shall be two thirds or more of the exclusive units both by area and by number of unit owners. Decisions of matters provided in Subparagraphs (6) through (8) shall be subject to the consent of the unit owners representing three quarters or more of the participating exclusive units both by area and by number of unit owners. Decisions of other matters provided in the preceding Paragraph shall be subject to the consent of the unit owners representing more than half of the participating exclusive units both by area and by number of unit owners.
业主共同决定事项，应当由专有部分面积占比三分之二以上的业主且人数占比三分之二以上的业主参与表决。决定前款第六项至第八项规定的事项，应当经参与表决专有部分面积四分之三以上的业主且参与表决人数四分之三以上的业主同意。决定前款其他事项，应当经参与表决专有部分面积过半数的业主且参与表决人数过半数的业主同意。
Article 279 No unit owner may turn a dwelling space into a space used for operating businesses in violation of laws, regulations, or the stipulations on management. A unit owner who intends to turn a dwelling space into a space used for operating businesses shall, in addition to abiding by laws, regulations, and the stipulations on management, obtain unanimous consent from all interested unit owners.
第二百七十九条 业主不得违反法律、法规以及管理规约，将住宅改变为经营性用房。业主将住宅改变为经营性用房的，除遵守法律、法规以及管理规约外，应当经有利害关系的业主一致同意。
Article 280 Decisions of the owners’ assembly or the owners’ committee are legally binding on unit owners.
第二百八十条 业主大会或者业主委员会的决定，对业主具有法律约束力。
Where a decision made by the owners’ assembly or the owners’ committee infringes upon the lawful rights and interests of a unit owner, the infringed owner may request the people’s court to revoke it.
业主大会或者业主委员会作出的决定侵害业主合法权益的，受侵害的业主可以请求人民法院予以撤销。
Article 281 The maintenance funds for buildings and their auxiliary facilities are co-owned by the unit owners. The funds may, upon joint decision of the unit owners, be used for the maintenance, renewal, and renovation of the co-owned spaces, such as elevators, roofs, exterior walls, and barrier-free facilities. Information on raising and using the maintenance funds for buildings and their auxiliary facilities shall be publicized on a regular basis.
第二百八十一条 建筑物及其附属设施的维修资金，属于业主共有。经业主共同决定，可以用于电梯、屋顶、外墙、无障碍设施等共有部分的维修、更新和改造。建筑物及其附属设施的维修资金的筹集、使用情况应当定期公布。
Where a building and its auxiliary facilities need to be maintained in an emergency situation, the owners’ assembly or the owners’ committee may, in accordance with law, apply for the use of the maintenance funds for the building and its auxiliary facilities.
紧急情况下需要维修建筑物及其附属设施的，业主大会或者业主委员会可以依法申请使用建筑物及其附属设施的维修资金。
Article 282 The income generated from the space co-owned by the unit owners that is received by the developer, the property management service enterprise, or other managers are co-owned by all unit owners after reasonable costs are deducted.
第二百八十二条 建设单位、物业服务企业或者其他管理人等利用业主的共有部分产生的收入，在扣除合理成本之后，属于业主共有。
Article 283 Where there is an agreement on matters such as allocation of expenses on and distribution of income gained from a building and its auxiliary facilities, such matters shall be determined in accordance with the agreement; where there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear, such matters shall be determined in proportion to the area of each unit owner’s exclusive unit to the total area.
第二百八十三条 建筑物及其附属设施的费用分摊、收益分配等事项，有约定的，按照约定；没有约定或者约定不明确的，按照业主专有部分面积所占比例确定。
Article 284 The unit owners may either manage the buildings and the auxiliary facilities on their own, or entrust a property management service enterprise or another manager for such a purpose.
第二百八十四条 业主可以自行管理建筑物及其附属设施，也可以委托物业服务企业或者其他管理人管理。
The unit owners have the right to replace, in accordance with law, the property management service enterprise or the other managers employed by the developer.
对建设单位聘请的物业服务企业或者其他管理人，业主有权依法更换。
Article 285 The property management service enterprise or otherwise a manager shall, as entrusted by the unit owners, manage the buildings and their auxiliary facilities within the construction zone in accordance with the provisions of Book Three of this Code relating to contracts for property management service, subject itself to the supervision of the unit owners, and respond to the unit owners’ inquiries about property management services in a timely manner.
第二百八十五条 物业服务企业或者其他管理人根据业主的委托，依照本法第三编有关物业服务合同的规定管理建筑区划内的建筑物及其附属设施，接受业主的监督，并及时答复业主对物业服务情况提出的询问。
The property management service enterprise or other managers shall carry out emergency measures and other management measures implemented by the government in accordance with law and actively cooperate in the performance of the relevant work.
物业服务企业或者其他管理人应当执行政府依法实施的应急处置措施和其他管理措施，积极配合开展相关工作。
Article 286 The unit owners shall abide by laws, regulations, and the stipulations on management, and their relevant acts shall meet the requirements of conserving resources and protecting the ecological environment. With respect to the emergency measures and other management measures implemented by the government in accordance with law that are carried out by the property management service enterprise or other managers, the unit owners shall, in accordance with law, be cooperative.
第二百八十六条 业主应当遵守法律、法规以及管理规约，相关行为应当符合节约资源、保护生态环境的要求。对于物业服务企业或者其他管理人执行政府依法实施的应急处置措施和其他管理措施，业主应当依法予以配合。
With respect to an act impairing the lawful rights and interests of others, such as arbitrarily discarding garbage, discharging pollutants or noises, feeding and keeping animals in violation of the stipulations, constructing structures against rules and regulations, encroaching on passages, and refusing to pay property management fees, the owners’ assembly or the owners’ committee has the right to request the actor to discontinue such infringements, remove the nuisance, eliminate the danger, restore to the original condition, and compensate for the losses entailed.
业主大会或者业主委员会，对任意弃置垃圾、排放污染物或者噪声、违反规定饲养动物、违章搭建、侵占通道、拒付物业费等损害他人合法权益的行为，有权依照法律、法规以及管理规约，请求行为人停止侵害、排除妨碍、消除危险、恢复原状、赔偿损失。
Where a unit owner or an actor refuses to perform the relevant duties, the party concerned may make a report to, or lodge a complaint with the competent administrative department, which shall handle the case in accordance with law.
业主或者其他行为人拒不履行相关义务的，有关当事人可以向有关行政主管部门报告或者投诉，有关行政主管部门应当依法处理。
Article 287 A unit owner has the right to request the developer, the property management service enterprise or other managers, and other unit owners to bear civil liability for any act done by them that infringes upon his lawful rights and interests.
第二百八十七条 业主对建设单位、物业服务企业或者其他管理人以及其他业主侵害自己合法权益的行为，有权请求其承担民事责任。
Chapter VII Adjacent Relationships
第七章 相邻关系
Article 288 The persons entitled to adjacent rights in immovable property shall properly deal with adjacent relationships in accordance with the principles of facilitation to production, convenience for daily lives, solidarity and mutual assistance, and fairness and reasonableness.
第二百八十八条 不动产的相邻权利人应当按照有利生产、方便生活、团结互助、公平合理的原则，正确处理相邻关系。
Article 289 Where there are laws and regulations providing for adjacent relationships, those provisions shall be applied. Where there are no such provisions, local customs may be followed.
第二百八十九条 法律、法规对处理相邻关系有规定的，依照其规定；法律、法规没有规定的，可以按照当地习惯。
Article 290 A person entitled to the real rights in immovable property shall provide a person entitled to an adjacent right the necessary convenience for the use of water or drainage.
第二百九十条 不动产权利人应当为相邻权利人用水、排水提供必要的便利。
The right to utilization of natural flowing water shall be reasonably allocated among the persons entitled to the adjacent rights of the immovable property. When discharging the water, the direction of the natural water flow shall be respected.
对自然流水的利用，应当在不动产的相邻权利人之间合理分配。对自然流水的排放，应当尊重自然流向。
Article 291 A person entitled to the real rights in immovable property shall provide necessary convenience to the persons entitled to an adjacent right who have to utilize his land for passage, and the like.
第二百九十一条 不动产权利人对相邻权利人因通行等必须利用其土地的，应当提供必要的便利。
Article 292 Where a person entitled to the real rights in immovable property has to utilize the adjacent land or building for constructing or maintaining a building, or for laying electrical wires, cables, or the pipelines for water, heating, gas, or the like, the person entitled to the real rights in the adjacent land or building shall provide the necessary convenience.
第二百九十二条 不动产权利人因建造、修缮建筑物以及铺设电线、电缆、水管、暖气和燃气管线等必须利用相邻土地、建筑物的，该土地、建筑物的权利人应当提供必要的便利。
Article 293 The construction of a building may not violate the relevant construction standards of the State or obstruct the ventilation, lighting, or sunlight of the adjacent buildings.
第二百九十三条 建造建筑物，不得违反国家有关工程建设标准，不得妨碍相邻建筑物的通风、采光和日照。
Article 294 A person entitled to the real rights in immovable property may not, in violation of the regulations of the State, discard solid wastes or emit harmful substances such as atmospheric pollutants, water pollutants, soil pollutants, noises, light radiation, and electromagnetic radiation.
第二百九十四条 不动产权利人不得违反国家规定弃置固体废物，排放大气污染物、水污染物、土壤污染物、噪声、光辐射、电磁辐射等有害物质。
Article 295 A person entitled to the real rights in immovable property may not endanger the safety of the adjacent immovable property when excavating land, constructing buildings, laying pipelines, installing facilities, or the like.
第二百九十五条 不动产权利人挖掘土地、建造建筑物、铺设管线以及安装设备等，不得危及相邻不动产的安全。
Article 296 A person entitled to the real rights in immovable property who utilizes the adjacent immovable property for the purpose of using water, drainage, passage, laying pipelines, and the like, shall spare no effort to avoid causing damage to the person entitled to the real rights in the adjacent immovable property.
第二百九十六条 不动产权利人因用水、排水、通行、铺设管线等利用相邻不动产的，应当尽量避免对相邻的不动产权利人造成损害。
Chapter VIII Co-ownership
第八章 共有
Article 297 Immovable or movable property may be co-owned by two or more organizations or individuals. Co-ownership consists of co-ownership by shares and joint co-ownership.
第二百九十七条 不动产或者动产可以由两个以上组织、个人共有。共有包括按份共有和共同共有。
Article 298 Co-owners by shares have the ownership of the co-owned immovable or movable property according to their shares.
第二百九十八条 按份共有人对共有的不动产或者动产按照其份额享有所有权。
Article 299 Joint co-owners jointly have the ownership of the co-owned immovable or movable property.
第二百九十九条 共同共有人对共有的不动产或者动产共同享有所有权。
Article 300 The co-owners shall manage the co-owned immovable or movable property in accordance with their agreement. Where there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear, each co-owner is entitled and obligated to manage it.
第三百条 共有人按照约定管理共有的不动产或者动产；没有约定或者约定不明确的，各共有人都有管理的权利和义务。
Article 301 Unless otherwise agreed by the co-owners, any disposition of the co-owned immovable or movable property, or any major repair or change of the nature or intended use of the co-owned immovable or movable property shall be subject to the consent of the co-owners by shares whose shares account for two thirds or more of the total shares, or to the consent of all joint co-owners.
第三百零一条 处分共有的不动产或者动产以及对共有的不动产或者动产作重大修缮、变更性质或者用途的，应当经占份额三分之二以上的按份共有人或者全体共同共有人同意，但是共有人之间另有约定的除外。
Article 302 The management expenses of and other burdens on a thing co-owned by the co-owners shall be borne according to the agreement among the co-owners where there is such an agreement; where there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear, these expenses shall be borne by the co-owners by shares proportionally, and by the joint co-owners jointly.
第三百零二条 共有人对共有物的管理费用以及其他负担，有约定的，按照其约定；没有约定或者约定不明确的，按份共有人按照其份额负担，共同共有人共同负担。
Article 303 Where the co-owners have agreed not to partition the co-owned immovable or movable property in order to maintain the co-ownership, the agreement shall be followed, provided that a co-owner may request partition if there is a compelling reason for partition. Where there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear, a co-owner by shares may request partition at any time, whereas a joint co-owner may request partition in case the basis for the joint ownership ceases to exist or there is a compelling reason for partition. Compensation shall be made if partition causes damage to the other co-owners.
第三百零三条 共有人约定不得分割共有的不动产或者动产，以维持共有关系的，应当按照约定，但是共有人有重大理由需要分割的，可以请求分割；没有约定或者约定不明确的，按份共有人可以随时请求分割，共同共有人在共有的基础丧失或者有重大理由需要分割时可以请求分割。因分割造成其他共有人损害的，应当给予赔偿。
Article 304 The co-owners may determine through negotiation the way of partition of the co-owned thing. Where they fail to reach an agreement, and where the co-owned immovable or movable property is divisible and its value is not diminished upon division, partition in kind shall be effected; where it is difficult to divide the co-owned thing or where its value would be impaired upon division, partition shall be carried out through dividing the proceeds based on appraisal or obtained from auction or a sale of it.
第三百零四条 共有人可以协商确定分割方式。达不成协议，共有的不动产或者动产可以分割且不会因分割减损价值的，应当对实物予以分割；难以分割或者因分割会减损价值的，应当对折价或者拍卖、变卖取得的价款予以分割。
Where the immovable or movable property acquired by a co-owner by means of partition is defective, the other co-owners shall share the losses.
共有人分割所得的不动产或者动产有瑕疵的，其他共有人应当分担损失。
Article 305 A co-owner by shares may transfer the portion of shares he owned in the co-owned immovable or movable property. The other co-owners have the right of pre-emption to buy the shares under equivalent conditions.
第三百零五条 按份共有人可以转让其享有的共有的不动产或者动产份额。其他共有人在同等条件下享有优先购买的权利。
Article 306 Where a co-owner by shares transfers the portion of shares he owned in the co-owned immovable or movable property, he shall notify the other co-owners of the conditions of transfer in a timely manner. The other co-owners shall exercise their right of pre-emption within a reasonable period of time.
第三百零六条 按份共有人转让其享有的共有的不动产或者动产份额的，应当将转让条件及时通知其他共有人。其他共有人应当在合理期限内行使优先购买权。
Where two or more co-owners assert their rights of pre-emption, they shall determine through negotiation the proportion of shares each may purchase; where no agreement is reached, they shall exercise their right of pre-emption in proportion to the shares they each own at the time of transfer.
两个以上其他共有人主张行使优先购买权的，协商确定各自的购买比例；协商不成的，按照转让时各自的共有份额比例行使优先购买权。
Article 307 In terms of external relations, the co-owners are jointly and severally entitled to claims and are jointly and severally obligated to perform obligations arising from the co-owned immovable or movable property, unless it is otherwise provided by law or where the third person is aware that the co-owners are not in a relationship of joint and several claims and obligations. In terms of internal relations, unless otherwise agreed by the co-owners, the co-owners by shares are entitled to claims and obligated to perform obligations in proportion to the shares they each own, and the joint co-owners are jointly entitled to claims and obligated to perform obligations. A co-owner by shares who has performed the obligation in excess of his shares has the right of contribution against the other co-owners.
第三百零七条 因共有的不动产或者动产产生的债权债务，在对外关系上，共有人享有连带债权、承担连带债务，但是法律另有规定或者第三人知道共有人不具有连带债权债务关系的除外；在共有人内部关系上，除共有人另有约定外，按份共有人按照份额享有债权、承担债务，共同共有人共同享有债权、承担债务。偿还债务超过自己应当承担份额的按份共有人，有权向其他共有人追偿。
Article 308 Where there is no agreement among the co-owners or the agreement is unclear as to whether the co-owned immovable or movable property is under co-ownership by shares or under joint co-ownership, the immovable or movable property shall be deemed to be under co-ownership by shares, unless the co-owners are in a relationship such as familial relationship and the like.
第三百零八条 共有人对共有的不动产或者动产没有约定为按份共有或者共同共有，或者约定不明确的，除共有人具有家庭关系等外，视为按份共有。
Article 309 The share of a co-owner by shares in the immovable or movable property shall be determined according to his capital contribution where there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear. Where it is impossible to determine the amount of capital contribution, each co-owner by shares shall be entitled to an equal share.
第三百零九条 按份共有人对共有的不动产或者动产享有的份额，没有约定或者约定不明确的，按照出资额确定；不能确定出资额的，视为等额享有。
Article 310 Where two or more organizations or individuals are jointly entitled to a right to usufruct or a security interest, the relevant provisions of this Chapter shall be applied mutatis mutandis.
第三百一十条 两个以上组织、个人共同享有用益物权、担保物权的，参照适用本章的有关规定。
Chapter IX Special Provisions on the Acquisition of Ownership
第九章 所有权取得的特别规定
Article 311 Where a person with no right to dispose of an immovable or movable property transfers it to another person, the owner has the right to recover it; unless otherwise provided by law, the transferee acquires the ownership of the immovable or movable property under the following circumstances:
第三百一十一条 无处分权人将不动产或者动产转让给受让人的，所有权人有权追回；除法律另有规定外，符合下列情形的，受让人取得该不动产或者动产的所有权：
(1) the transferee is in good faith at the time when the immovable or movable property is transferred to him;
（一）受让人受让该不动产或者动产时是善意；
(2) the transfer is made at a reasonable price; and
（二）以合理的价格转让；
(3) the transferred immovable or movable property has been registered as required by law, or has been delivered to the transferee where registration is not required.
（三）转让的不动产或者动产依照法律规定应当登记的已经登记，不需要登记的已经交付给受让人。
Where a transferee acquires the ownership of the immovable or movable property in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the original owner has the right to claim damages against the person who disposes of the property without a right.
受让人依据前款规定取得不动产或者动产的所有权的，原所有权人有权向无处分权人请求损害赔偿。
Where a party acquires, in good faith, a real right other than ownership, the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs shall be applied mutatis mutandis.
当事人善意取得其他物权的，参照适用前两款规定。
Article 312 An owner or any other right holder has the right to recover a lost thing. Where the lost thing is possessed by another person by way of transfer, the right holder has the right to claim damages against the person who disposes of the thing without the right to disposition, or to request the transferee to return the original thing within two years from the date on which the right holder knows or should have known of the transferee, provided that where the transferee has acquired the lost thing at auction or from a qualified business operator, the right holder shall, at the time of requesting the return of the original thing, reimburse the expenses that have been paid by the transferee. The right holder has, after having reimbursed the expenses paid by the transferee, the right to indemnification against the person who disposes of the thing without the right to disposition.
第三百一十二条 所有权人或者其他权利人有权追回遗失物。该遗失物通过转让被他人占有的，权利人有权向无处分权人请求损害赔偿，或者自知道或者应当知道受让人之日起二年内向受让人请求返还原物；但是，受让人通过拍卖或者向具有经营资格的经营者购得该遗失物的，权利人请求返还原物时应当支付受让人所付的费用。权利人向受让人支付所付费用后，有权向无处分权人追偿。
Article 313 After a bona fide transferee acquires the movable property, the original rights in the movable property is extinguished, unless the bona fide transferee knows or should have known of such rights at the time of the transfer.
第三百一十三条 善意受让人取得动产后，该动产上的原有权利消灭。但是，善意受让人在受让时知道或者应当知道该权利的除外。
Article 314 Where a lost thing is found, it shall be returned to its right holder. The finder shall, in a timely manner, notify its right holder or hand it over to the relevant departments such as the department for public security.
第三百一十四条 拾得遗失物，应当返还权利人。拾得人应当及时通知权利人领取，或者送交公安等有关部门。
Article 315 Where the relevant department receives a lost thing and knows who is its right holder, the department shall, in a timely manner, notify him to collect the lost thing; where the department does not know who is the right holder, it shall issue a lost-and-found notice in a timely manner.
第三百一十五条 有关部门收到遗失物，知道权利人的，应当及时通知其领取；不知道的，应当及时发布招领公告。
Article 316 A finder shall well keep a lost thing before it is delivered to the relevant department, and the relevant department shall well keep it before it is collected. A person who, intentionally or by gross negligence, causes the lost thing in his custody to be destructed, damaged, or lost shall bear civil liability.
第三百一十六条 拾得人在遗失物送交有关部门前，有关部门在遗失物被领取前，应当妥善保管遗失物。因故意或者重大过失致使遗失物毁损、灭失的，应当承担民事责任。
Article 317 The right holder of a lost thing shall, at the time of collecting it, pay to the finder or the relevant department the necessary expenses, such as the expense for safekeeping the lost thing.
第三百一十七条 权利人领取遗失物时，应当向拾得人或者有关部门支付保管遗失物等支出的必要费用。
Where a right holder has offered a reward for finding the lost thing, he shall, at the time of collecting the lost thing, perform his obligations as promised.
权利人悬赏寻找遗失物的，领取遗失物时应当按照承诺履行义务。
Where a finder misappropriates the lost thing, he is neither entitled to request reimbursement of expenses such as the expense for safekeeping the lost thing, nor entitled to request the right holder to perform the obligations as promised.
拾得人侵占遗失物的，无权请求保管遗失物等支出的费用，也无权请求权利人按照承诺履行义务。
Article 318 Where a lost thing has not been claimed by anybody within one year from the date the lost-and-found notice is publicized, the lost thing is to be escheated to the State.
第三百一十八条 遗失物自发布招领公告之日起一年内无人认领的，归国家所有。
Article 319 Where a drifting thing is found or a thing buried underground or hidden is discovered, the provisions relating to the finding of lost things shall be applied mutatis mutandis, unless otherwise provided by law.
第三百一十九条 拾得漂流物、发现埋藏物或者隐藏物的，参照适用拾得遗失物的有关规定。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。
Article 320 Where a principal thing is transferred, the accessary thereof shall be transferred concomitantly, unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
第三百二十条 主物转让的，从物随主物转让，但是当事人另有约定的除外。
Article 321 Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the natural fruits of a thing shall be acquired by the owner of the thing, or by a usufructuary if there are both an owner and a usufructuary of the thing.
第三百二十一条 天然孳息，由所有权人取得；既有所有权人又有用益物权人的，由用益物权人取得。当事人另有约定的，按照其约定。
The legal proceeds of a thing shall be acquired as agreed by the parties if there is such an agreement, or, where there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear, in accordance with the course of dealing.
法定孳息，当事人有约定的，按照约定取得；没有约定或者约定不明确的，按照交易习惯取得。
Article 322 A thing, that is created as a result of processing, or combining or mixing with another thing or things, shall be owned as agreed if there is such an agreement, or in accordance with law if there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear, or, in the absence of any provisions in law, be determined in compliance with the principles of making full use of the thing and protecting the party without fault. Where damage is caused to another party owing to one party’s fault or owing to the determination of the attribution of the thing, indemnity or compensation shall be paid.
第三百二十二条 因加工、附合、混合而产生的物的归属，有约定的，按照约定；没有约定或者约定不明确的，依照法律规定；法律没有规定的，按照充分发挥物的效用以及保护无过错当事人的原则确定。因一方当事人的过错或者确定物的归属造成另一方当事人损害的，应当给予赔偿或者补偿。
Part Three Rights of Usufruct
第三分编 用益物权
Chapter X General Rules
第十章 一般规定
Article 323 A usufructuary has the right to possess, use, and benefit from the immovable or movable property owned by another person in accordance with law.
第三百二十三条 用益物权人对他人所有的不动产或者动产，依法享有占有、使用和收益的权利。
Article 324 Organizations and individuals may, in accordance with law, possess, use, and benefit from the natural resources owned by the State, the State-owned natural resources that are used by collectives, and the natural resources that are owned by collectives as provided by law.
第三百二十四条 国家所有或者国家所有由集体使用以及法律规定属于集体所有的自然资源，组织、个人依法可以占有、使用和收益。
Article 325 The State implements a system of compensation for the use of natural resources, unless otherwise provided by law.
第三百二十五条 国家实行自然资源有偿使用制度，但是法律另有规定的除外。
Article 326 A usufructuary shall, when exercising his right, abide by the provisions of laws on the protection, rational exploitation, and utilization of resources and the protection of the ecological environment. The owner may not interfere with the exercise of such rights by the usufructuary.
第三百二十六条 用益物权人行使权利，应当遵守法律有关保护和合理开发利用资源、保护生态环境的规定。所有权人不得干涉用益物权人行使权利。
Article 327 Where a right to usufruct is extinguished or adversely affected due to expropriation or requisition of the immovable or movable property, the usufructuary has the right to compensation according to the provisions of Articles 243 and 245 of this Code.
第三百二十七条 因不动产或者动产被征收、征用致使用益物权消灭或者影响用益物权行使的，用益物权人有权依据本法第二百四十三条、第二百四十五条的规定获得相应补偿。
Article 328 The right to use the sea areas that is acquired in accordance with law is protected by law.
第三百二十八条 依法取得的海域使用权受法律保护。
Article 329 The right to explore and mine minerals, to draw water, and to use waters and mudflats to engage in aquaculture or fishing that are acquired in accordance with law is protected by law.
第三百二十九条 依法取得的探矿权、采矿权、取水权和使用水域、滩涂从事养殖、捕捞的权利受法律保护。
Chapter XI Right to Contractual Management of Land
第十一章 土地承包经营权
Article 330 Rural collective economic organizations shall adopt a two-tier management system, with household contractual management as the basis and integrated with the collective management.
第三百三十条 农村集体经济组织实行家庭承包经营为基础、统分结合的双层经营体制。
A system of contractual management of land is adopted in accordance with law for cultivated land, forestland, grassland, and other land used for agricultural purposes which are owned by farmers collectively, or owned by the State and used by farmers collectively.
农民集体所有和国家所有由农民集体使用的耕地、林地、草地以及其他用于农业的土地，依法实行土地承包经营制度。
Article 331 A person who has the right to contractual management of land is, in accordance with law, entitled to possess, use, and benefit from the cultivated land, forestland, and grassland contracted and managed by him, and to engage in agricultural production such as crop cultivation, forestry, and animal husbandry.
第三百三十一条 土地承包经营权人依法对其承包经营的耕地、林地、草地等享有占有、使用和收益的权利，有权从事种植业、林业、畜牧业等农业生产。
Article 332 The term of a contract for cultivated land is 30 years. The term of a contract for grassland ranges from 30 to 50 years. The term of a contract for forestland ranges from 30 to 70 years.
第三百三十二条 耕地的承包期为三十年。草地的承包期为三十年至五十年。林地的承包期为三十年至七十年。
Upon expiration of the term of contract as provided in the preceding paragraph, the person with the right to contractual management of land is entitled to renew the contract in accordance with the provisions of laws on rural land contracting.
前款规定的承包期限届满，由土地承包经营权人依照农村土地承包的法律规定继续承包。
Article 333 A right to contractual management of land is created at the time when the contract on the right to contractual management of land enters into effect.
第三百三十三条 土地承包经营权自土地承包经营权合同生效时设立。
The registration authority shall issue a certificate, such as a certificate of the right to contractual management of land, a certificate of the right to forestry, and the like, to the person entitled to the respective right to contractual management of land, and establish a register for this purpose to record and confirm such rights.
登记机构应当向土地承包经营权人发放土地承包经营权证、林权证等证书，并登记造册，确认土地承包经营权。
Article 334 The persons with the rights to contractual management of land are entitled to exchange or transfer such rights in accordance with law. The contracted land may not be used for non-agricultural construction purposes without being approved in accordance with law.
第三百三十四条 土地承包经营权人依照法律规定，有权将土地承包经营权互换、转让。未经依法批准，不得将承包地用于非农建设。
Article 335 Where the rights to contractual management of land are exchanged or transferred, the parties may apply to the registration authority for registration; without registration, such exchange or transfer may not be asserted against a bona fide third person.
第三百三十五条 土地承包经营权互换、转让的，当事人可以向登记机构申请登记；未经登记，不得对抗善意第三人。
Article 336 Within the term of contract, the party offering the contract may not adjust the contracted land.
第三百三十六条 承包期内发包人不得调整承包地。
Under special circumstances such as severe deterioration on the contracted land caused by natural disasters, appropriate adjustments shall be made in accordance with the provisions of laws on rural land contracting where necessary.
因自然灾害严重毁损承包地等特殊情形，需要适当调整承包的耕地和草地的，应当依照农村土地承包的法律规定办理。
Article 337 Within the term of contract, the party offering the contract may not take back the contracted land, unless otherwise provided by law.
第三百三十七条 承包期内发包人不得收回承包地。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。
Article 338 Where the contracted land is expropriated, the affected person with the right to contractual management of land is entitled to the corresponding compensation according to the provisions of Article 243 of this Code.
第三百三十八条 承包地被征收的，土地承包经营权人有权依据本法第二百四十三条的规定获得相应补偿。
Article 339 A person with the right to contractual management of land may decide on his own to transfer the right to management of land to others by leasing, contributing it as shares, or other means in accordance with law.
第三百三十九条 土地承包经营权人可以自主决定依法采取出租、入股或者其他方式向他人流转土地经营权。
Article 340 Within the time limit as agreed in the contract, the person with the right to management of land is entitled to possess the rural land, to carry out agricultural production and operation on his own, and to benefit therefrom.
第三百四十条 土地经营权人有权在合同约定的期限内占有农村土地，自主开展农业生产经营并取得收益。
Article 341 The right to management of land which is transferred for a term of five years or longer is created when the contract for the transfer enters into force. The parties may apply to the registration authority for registration of the right to management of land; without registration, such a right may not be asserted against a bona fide third person.
第三百四十一条 流转期限为五年以上的土地经营权，自流转合同生效时设立。当事人可以向登记机构申请土地经营权登记；未经登记，不得对抗善意第三人。
Article 342 Where rural land is contracted by means including bidding, auction, or open negotiation, for which a title certificate is obtained through registration in accordance with law, the right to manage such land may, in accordance with law, be transferred by means of leasing, contributing it as shares, mortgaging, or by other means.
第三百四十二条 通过招标、拍卖、公开协商等方式承包农村土地，经依法登记取得权属证书的，可以依法采取出租、入股、抵押或者其他方式流转土地经营权。
Article 343 Where contractual management is adopted for the State-owned land that is used for agricultural purposes, the relevant provisions of this Book shall be applied mutatis mutandis.
第三百四十三条 国家所有的农用地实行承包经营的，参照适用本编的有关规定。
Chapter XII Right to Use Land for Construction Purposes
第十二章 建设用地使用权
Article 344 With respect to the State-owned land zoned for construction purposes, a person with the right to use a lot of such land is entitled to possess, use, and benefit from the lot, and to use it to construct buildings, structures, and auxiliary facilities.
第三百四十四条 建设用地使用权人依法对国家所有的土地享有占有、使用和收益的权利，有权利用该土地建造建筑物、构筑物及其附属设施。
Article 345 The right to use a lot of land for construction purposes may be created separately on the surface of, above, or below the lot of land.
第三百四十五条 建设用地使用权可以在土地的地表、地上或者地下分别设立。
Article 346 The right to use a lot of land for construction purposes shall be created in conformity with the requirements for conservation of resources and protection of the ecological environment, and in compliance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations on the planned use of the lot, and may not impair the rights to usufruct already created thereon.
第三百四十六条 设立建设用地使用权，应当符合节约资源、保护生态环境的要求，遵守法律、行政法规关于土地用途的规定，不得损害已经设立的用益物权。
Article 347 The right to use a lot of land for construction purposes may be created by way of transfer or gratuitous grant.
第三百四十七条 设立建设用地使用权，可以采取出让或者划拨等方式。
The bidding, auction, or other means of public bidding shall be adopted in transferring a lot of land used for business purposes, such as for industrial, commercial, tourism, recreational, and commercial residential purposes, or where there are two or more intended users competing for the right to use the same lot of land .
工业、商业、旅游、娱乐和商品住宅等经营性用地以及同一土地有两个以上意向用地者的，应当采取招标、拍卖等公开竞价的方式出让。
The creation of a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes by way of gratuitous grant is strictly restricted.
严格限制以划拨方式设立建设用地使用权。
Article 348 Where a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes is created through bidding, auction, agreement, or other means of transfer, the parties shall enter into a contract in writing for the transfer of the right to use the lot of land for construction purposes.
第三百四十八条 通过招标、拍卖、协议等出让方式设立建设用地使用权的，当事人应当采用书面形式订立建设用地使用权出让合同。
A contract for the transfer of the right to use a lot of land for construction purposes generally contains the following clauses:
建设用地使用权出让合同一般包括下列条款：
(1) the name and address of each party;
（一）当事人的名称和住所；
(2) the metes and bounds and area of the lot of land;
（二）土地界址、面积等；
(3) the space occupied by the buildings, structures, and the auxiliary facilities thereof;
（三）建筑物、构筑物及其附属设施占用的空间；
(4) the planned use and zoning conditions of the lot;
（四）土地用途、规划条件；
(5) the term of the right to use the lot of land for construction purposes;
（五）建设用地使用权期限；
(6) the transfer fee and other fees, and the mode of payment thereof; and
（六）出让金等费用及其支付方式；
(7) the means of dispute resolution.
（七）解决争议的方法。
Article 349 To create a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes, application shall be filed with the registration authority for the registration of the right. The right to use a lot of land for construction purposes is created upon registration. The registration authority shall issue a title certificate to the person entitled to the right.
第三百四十九条 设立建设用地使用权的，应当向登记机构申请建设用地使用权登记。建设用地使用权自登记时设立。登记机构应当向建设用地使用权人发放权属证书。
Article 350 A person who has the right to use a lot of land for construction purposes shall make reasonable use of the lot and may not change its planned use. Where it is necessary to change the planned use of the lot, approval shall be obtained from the competent administrative department in accordance with law.
第三百五十条 建设用地使用权人应当合理利用土地，不得改变土地用途；需要改变土地用途的，应当依法经有关行政主管部门批准。
Article 351 A person who has the right to use a lot of land for construction purposes shall pay the transfer fee and other fees in accordance with law and the contract.
第三百五十一条 建设用地使用权人应当依照法律规定以及合同约定支付出让金等费用。
Article 352 The ownership of buildings, structures, and auxiliary facilities thereof constructed by a person with the right to use the lot of land for construction purposes belongs to the person, unless it is proved by evidence to the contrary.
第三百五十二条 建设用地使用权人建造的建筑物、构筑物及其附属设施的所有权属于建设用地使用权人，但是有相反证据证明的除外。
Article 353 Unless otherwise provided by law, the persons with a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes are entitled to transfer, exchange, offer as capital contribution, give away as a gift, or mortgage their rights.
第三百五十三条 建设用地使用权人有权将建设用地使用权转让、互换、出资、赠与或者抵押，但是法律另有规定的除外。
Article 354 Where a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes is transferred, exchanged, offered as capital contribution, given away as a gift, or mortgaged, the parties shall enter into a contract thereon in writing. The term of the use shall be agreed upon by the parties, provided that it may not exceed the remaining term of the right to use the lot of land for construction purposes.
第三百五十四条 建设用地使用权转让、互换、出资、赠与或者抵押的，当事人应当采用书面形式订立相应的合同。使用期限由当事人约定，但是不得超过建设用地使用权的剩余期限。
Article 355 Where a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes is transferred, exchanged, offered as capital contribution, or given away as a gift, an application for registration of the change shall be filed with the registration authority.
第三百五十五条 建设用地使用权转让、互换、出资或者赠与的，应当向登记机构申请变更登记。
Article 356 Where a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes is transferred, exchanged, offered as capital contribution, or given away as a gift, the buildings, structures, and auxiliary facilities thereof attached to the land shall be disposed of concomitantly.
第三百五十六条 建设用地使用权转让、互换、出资或者赠与的，附着于该土地上的建筑物、构筑物及其附属设施一并处分。
Article 357 Where a building or structure, and auxiliary facilities thereof are transferred, exchanged, offered as capital contribution, or given away as a gift, the right to use the lot of land for construction purposes in the lot of land occupied by the building, structure, and auxiliary facilities thereof shall be disposed of concomitantly.
第三百五十七条 建筑物、构筑物及其附属设施转让、互换、出资或者赠与的，该建筑物、构筑物及其附属设施占用范围内的建设用地使用权一并处分。
Article 358 Where a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes needs to be taken back prior to expiration of its term for public interest purposes, compensation shall be paid for the houses and other immovable property on the land according to the provisions of Article 243 of this Code, and the portion of the unused transfer fee shall be refunded.
第三百五十八条 建设用地使用权期限届满前，因公共利益需要提前收回该土地的，应当依据本法第二百四十三条的规定对该土地上的房屋以及其他不动产给予补偿，并退还相应的出让金。
Article 359 The right to use a lot of land for construction of residential buildings is automatically renewed upon expiration of the term. The payment, reduction, or exemption of the renewal fees shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations.
第三百五十九条 住宅建设用地使用权期限届满的，自动续期。续期费用的缴纳或者减免，依照法律、行政法规的规定办理。
The renewal of the right to use a lot of land for construction of buildings other than residences, upon expiration of the term, shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of the laws. The ownership of the buildings and other immovable property on such lot of land shall be determined in accordance with the agreement, or, where there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear, in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations .
非住宅建设用地使用权期限届满后的续期，依照法律规定办理。该土地上的房屋以及其他不动产的归属，有约定的，按照约定；没有约定或者约定不明确的，依照法律、行政法规的规定办理。
Article 360 Where a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes is extinguished, the transferor of the right shall deregister the right in a timely manner. The registration authority shall withdraw the title certificate thereof.
第三百六十条 建设用地使用权消灭的，出让人应当及时办理注销登记。登记机构应当收回权属证书。
Article 361 The using of a lot of collectively-owned land for construction purposes shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of the laws on land administration.
第三百六十一条 集体所有的土地作为建设用地的，应当依照土地管理的法律规定办理。
Chapter XIII Right to Use a House Site
第十三章 宅基地使用权
Article 362 A person who has the right to use a house site is entitled to possess and use the lot of land owned by the collective, and to utilize such lot of land to build a dwelling and auxiliary facilities in accordance with law.
第三百六十二条 宅基地使用权人依法对集体所有的土地享有占有和使用的权利，有权依法利用该土地建造住宅及其附属设施。
Article 363 The acquisition, exercise, and transfer of the right to use a house site are governed by the laws on land administration and the relevant regulations of the State.
第三百六十三条 宅基地使用权的取得、行使和转让，适用土地管理的法律和国家有关规定。
Article 364 Where a house site is destroyed due to natural disasters or for other reasons, the right to use the house site is extinguished. A new house site shall be allocated in accordance with law to the villagers who have lost their house site.
第三百六十四条 宅基地因自然灾害等原因灭失的，宅基地使用权消灭。对失去宅基地的村民，应当依法重新分配宅基地。
Article 365 Where a registered right to use a house site is transferred or extinguished, registration of the change or deregistration of the right shall be made in a timely manner.
第三百六十五条 已经登记的宅基地使用权转让或者消灭的，应当及时办理变更登记或者注销登记。
Chapter XIV Right of Habitation
第十四章 居 住 权
Article 366 A person with a right of habitation is entitled to the right to usufruct of possessing and using another person’s dwelling as agreed in the contract, so as to meet his needs of habitation.
第三百六十六条 居住权人有权按照合同约定，对他人的住宅享有占有、使用的用益物权，以满足生活居住的需要。
Article 367 To create a right of habitation, the parties shall enter into a contract on such a right in writing.
第三百六十七条 设立居住权，当事人应当采用书面形式订立居住权合同。
A contract on a right of habitation generally contains the following clauses:
居住权合同一般包括下列条款：
(1) the name and address of each party;
（一）当事人的姓名或者名称和住所；
(2) the location of the dwelling;
（二）住宅的位置；
(3) the conditions and requirements for the habitation;
（三）居住的条件和要求；
(4) the duration of the right of habitation; and
（四）居住权期限；
(5) the means of dispute resolution.
（五）解决争议的方法。
Article 368 A right of habitation shall be created free of charge, unless otherwise agreed by the parties. To create a right of habitation, an application for the registration of the right shall be filed with the registration authority. The right of habitation is created upon registration.
第三百六十八条 居住权无偿设立，但是当事人另有约定的除外。设立居住权的，应当向登记机构申请居住权登记。居住权自登记时设立。
Article 369 A right of habitation may not be transferred or inherited. The dwelling in which a right of habitation is created may not be let on lease, unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
第三百六十九条 居住权不得转让、继承。设立居住权的住宅不得出租，但是当事人另有约定的除外。
Article 370 A right of habitation is extinguished if the term of the right expires, or if the person entitled to the right deceases. Where a right of habitation is extinguished, deregistration of the right shall be made in a timely manner.
第三百七十条 居住权期限届满或者居住权人死亡的，居住权消灭。居住权消灭的，应当及时办理注销登记。
Article 371 Where a right of habitation is created by will, the relevant provisions of this Chapter shall be applied mutatis mutandis.
第三百七十一条 以遗嘱方式设立居住权的，参照适用本章的有关规定。
Chapter XV Easements
第十五章 地 役 权
Article 372 A person who has a right to easement is entitled to utilize the immovable property of another person as agreed in a contract so as to enhance the efficiency of his own immovable property.
第三百七十二条 地役权人有权按照合同约定，利用他人的不动产，以提高自己的不动产的效益。
The immovable property of another person referred to in the preceding paragraph is the servient land, and the immovable property of the person entitled to the easement is the dominant land.
前款所称他人的不动产为供役地，自己的不动产为需役地。
Article 373 To create an easement, the parties shall enter into an easement contract in writing.
第三百七十三条 设立地役权，当事人应当采用书面形式订立地役权合同。
An easement contract generally contains the following clauses:
地役权合同一般包括下列条款：
(1) the name and address of each party;
（一）当事人的姓名或者名称和住所；
(2) the location of the servient land and the dominant land;
（二）供役地和需役地的位置；
(3) the purposes and methods of utilizing the servient land;
（三）利用目的和方法；
(4) the duration of the easement;
（四）地役权期限；
(5) the fees and the mode of payment; and
（五）费用及其支付方式；
(6) the means of dispute resolution.
（六）解决争议的方法。
Article 374 An easement is created at the time the easement contract enters into effect. Where the parties request for registration, applications may be filed with the registration authority for the registration of the easement; without registration, such an easement may not be asserted against a bona fide third person.
第三百七十四条 地役权自地役权合同生效时设立。当事人要求登记的，可以向登记机构申请地役权登记；未经登记，不得对抗善意第三人。
Article 375 A right holder of the immovable property served as the servient land shall allow the person entitled to an easement to utilize the immovable property as agreed in the contract and may not interfere with the exercise of the right to easement by such person.
第三百七十五条 供役地权利人应当按照合同约定，允许地役权人利用其不动产，不得妨害地役权人行使权利。
Article 376 A person entitled to an easement shall utilize the servient land in accordance with the purposes and methods of utilization as agreed in the contract, and minimize restrictions on the real rights of the right holder in the servient land.
第三百七十六条 地役权人应当按照合同约定的利用目的和方法利用供役地，尽量减少对供役地权利人物权的限制。
Article 377 The duration of an easement shall be agreed upon by the parties, provided that it may not exceed the remaining term of the right to usufruct, such as the right to contractual management of land or the right to use a lot of land for construction purposes.
第三百七十七条 地役权期限由当事人约定；但是，不得超过土地承包经营权、建设用地使用权等用益物权的剩余期限。
Article 378 Where an owner of a lot of land is entitled to or is encumbered with an easement, when a right to usufruct, such as a right to contractual management of land or a right to use a house site is created on the lot of land, the usufructuary shall continue to be entitled to or be encumbered with the easement thereon that has already been created.
第三百七十八条 土地所有权人享有地役权或者负担地役权的，设立土地承包经营权、宅基地使用权等用益物权时，该用益物权人继续享有或者负担已经设立的地役权。
Article 379 Where a right to usufruct, such as a right to contractual management of land, a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes, and a right to use a house site, has already been created on a lot of land, the owner of the lot of land may not create an easement on the lot without the consent of the usufructuary.
第三百七十九条 土地上已经设立土地承包经营权、建设用地使用权、宅基地使用权等用益物权的，未经用益物权人同意，土地所有权人不得设立地役权。
Article 380 An easement may not be transferred separately. Where a right to contractual management of land, a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes and the like rights are transferred, the easement shall be transferred concomitantly, unless otherwise agreed in the contract.
第三百八十条 地役权不得单独转让。土地承包经营权、建设用地使用权等转让的，地役权一并转让，但是合同另有约定的除外。
Article 381 An easement may not be mortgaged separately. Where a right to contractual management of land, a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes, and the like rights are mortgaged, the easement shall be transferred concomitantly upon enforcement of the mortgage.
第三百八十一条 地役权不得单独抵押。土地经营权、建设用地使用权等抵押的，在实现抵押权时，地役权一并转让。
Article 382 Where a right to easement is involved when the dominant land and a right to contractual management of land, a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes, and the like rights thereon are partially transferred, the transferee is simultaneously entitled to the easement.
第三百八十二条 需役地以及需役地上的土地承包经营权、建设用地使用权等部分转让时，转让部分涉及地役权的，受让人同时享有地役权。
Article 383 Where a right to easement is involved when the servient land and a right to contractual management of land, a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes, and the like rights thereon are partially transferred, the easement is legally binding on the transferee.
第三百八十三条 供役地以及供役地上的土地承包经营权、建设用地使用权等部分转让时，转让部分涉及地役权的，地役权对受让人具有法律约束力。
Article 384 Where a person entitled to an easement is under any of the following circumstances, the person who has the right to the servient land is entitled to rescind the easement contract to extinguish the easement:
第三百八十四条 地役权人有下列情形之一的，供役地权利人有权解除地役权合同，地役权消灭：
(1) abusing the right to easement in violation of the provisions of laws or the contract; or
（一）违反法律规定或者合同约定，滥用地役权；
(2) in case of paid use of the servient land, failing to pay the relevant fees despite of receipt of two warning notices within a reasonable period of time after the payment is due according to the agreement.
（二）有偿利用供役地，约定的付款期限届满后在合理期限内经两次催告未支付费用。
Article 385 Where a registered easement is altered, transferred, or extinguished, the registration of the change or deregistration shall be made in a timely manner.
第三百八十五条 已经登记的地役权变更、转让或者消灭的，应当及时办理变更登记或者注销登记。
Part Four Security Interests
第四分编 担保物权
Chapter XVI General Rules
第十六章 一般规定
Article 386 Where a debtor fails to perform his obligations due, or any event upon which an security interest is to be enforced as agreed upon by the parties occurs, the person entitled to the security interest has priority to be paid from the collateral in accordance with law, unless otherwise provided by law.
第三百八十六条 担保物权人在债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现担保物权的情形，依法享有就担保财产优先受偿的权利，但是法律另有规定的除外。
Article 387 Where a creditor needs to secure his claims in a civil activity such as lending, buying and selling, and the like, he may create a security interest in accordance with the provisions of this Code and other laws.
第三百八十七条 债权人在借贷、买卖等民事活动中，为保障实现其债权，需要担保的，可以依照本法和其他法律的规定设立担保物权。
Where a third person provides security to the creditor for the debtor, the debtor may be requested to provide a counter-security. Counter-security shall be governed by the provisions of this Code and other laws.
第三人为债务人向债权人提供担保的，可以要求债务人提供反担保。反担保适用本法和其他法律的规定。
Article 388 To create a security interest, a security contract shall be entered into in accordance with the provisions of this Code and other laws. Security contracts include mortgage contracts, pledge contracts, and other contracts with a function of security. A security contract is a contract secondary to the principal contract with the principal claims and obligations. Where the principal contract is void, the security contract is also void, unless otherwise provided by law.
第三百八十八条 设立担保物权，应当依照本法和其他法律的规定订立担保合同。担保合同包括抵押合同、质押合同和其他具有担保功能的合同。担保合同是主债权债务合同的从合同。主债权债务合同无效的，担保合同无效，但是法律另有规定的除外。
Where a security contract is determined to be void, if the debtor, the security provider, and the creditor are at fault, they shall each bear civil liability in proportion to their fault.
担保合同被确认无效后，债务人、担保人、债权人有过错的，应当根据其过错各自承担相应的民事责任。
Article 389 Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the scope covered by a security interest includes the principal claim and its interests based on the principal contract, liquidated damages, compensatory damages, and the expenses arising from safekeeping the collateral and enforcing the security interests.
第三百八十九条 担保物权的担保范围包括主债权及其利息、违约金、损害赔偿金、保管担保财产和实现担保物权的费用。当事人另有约定的，按照其约定。
Article 390 Where a collateral is destructed, damaged, or lost, or is expropriated during the secured period, the person entitled to a security interest has priority to be paid from the insurance payment, compensation, or indemnity received on the collateral. Where the collateral is destructed, damaged, or lost, or is expropriated prior to the due date of performance of the secured claim, the insurance payment, compensation, or indemnity may also be placed in escrow.
第三百九十条 担保期间，担保财产毁损、灭失或者被征收等，担保物权人可以就获得的保险金、赔偿金或者补偿金等优先受偿。被担保债权的履行期限未届满的，也可以提存该保险金、赔偿金或者补偿金等。
Article 391 Where a third person provides security and the creditor allows the debtor to transfer all or part of the secured obligations without the third person’s written consent, the security provider is no longer liable for securing the part of the obligations so transferred.
第三百九十一条 第三人提供担保，未经其书面同意，债权人允许债务人转移全部或者部分债务的，担保人不再承担相应的担保责任。
Article 392 Where a claim is secured by both a collateral and a surety, and the debtor fails to perform his obligations due or any event upon which a security interest is to be enforced as agreed upon by the parties occurs, the creditor shall enforce the claim in accordance with the agreement. Where there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear, if the collateral is provided by the debtor, the creditor shall first enforce the claim against the collateral, and if the collateral is provided by a third person, the creditor may elect to enforce the claim against the collateral or request the surety to assume liability. After the third person who provides security has assumed such liability, he has the right of indemnification against the debtor.
第三百九十二条 被担保的债权既有物的担保又有人的担保的，债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现担保物权的情形，债权人应当按照约定实现债权；没有约定或者约定不明确，债务人自己提供物的担保的，债权人应当先就该物的担保实现债权；第三人提供物的担保的，债权人可以就物的担保实现债权，也可以请求保证人承担保证责任。提供担保的第三人承担担保责任后，有权向债务人追偿。
Article 393 A security interest is extinguished under any of the following circumstances:
第三百九十三条 有下列情形之一的，担保物权消灭：
(1) the claim under the principal contract is extinguished;
（一）主债权消灭；
(2) the security interest is enforced;
（二）担保物权实现；
(3) the creditor waives his security interest; or
（三）债权人放弃担保物权；
(4) there exists any other circumstance in which security interest is extinguished as provided by law.
（四）法律规定担保物权消灭的其他情形。
Chapter XVII Mortgage
第十七章 抵 押 权
Section 1 General Mortgage
第一节 一般抵押权
Article 394 Where a debtor or a third person, in order to secure the performance of an obligation, mortgages his property to the creditor without relinquishing the possession of the property, the creditor has priority to be paid from the collateral if the debtor fails to perform his obligation due or an event upon the occurrence of which the security interest in the collateral is to be enforced as agreed by the parties occurs.
第三百九十四条 为担保债务的履行，债务人或者第三人不转移财产的占有，将该财产抵押给债权人的，债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现抵押权的情形，债权人有权就该财产优先受偿。
The debtor or the third person as specified in the preceding paragraph is the mortgagor, the creditor is the mortgagee, and the collateral mortgaged to secure the claim is the mortgaged property.
前款规定的债务人或者第三人为抵押人，债权人为抵押权人，提供担保的财产为抵押财产。
Article 395 The following property, which the debtor or a third person is entitled to dispose of, may be mortgaged:
第三百九十五条 债务人或者第三人有权处分的下列财产可以抵押：
(1) buildings and other things attached to the land;
（一）建筑物和其他土地附着物；
(2) the right to use a lot of land for construction purposes;
（二）建设用地使用权；
(3) the right to use the sea areas;
（三）海域使用权；
(4) production equipment, raw materials, work in process, and finished products;
（四）生产设备、原材料、半成品、产品；
(5) buildings, vessels, and aircraft under construction;
（五）正在建造的建筑物、船舶、航空器；
(6) vehicles for transport; and
（六）交通运输工具；
(7) other property not prohibited by laws or administrative regulations from being mortgaged.
（七）法律、行政法规未禁止抵押的其他财产。
A mortgagor may mortgage the property listed in the preceding paragraph concurrently.
抵押人可以将前款所列财产一并抵押。
Article 396 An enterprise, an individual-run industrial and commercial household, or an agricultural production operator may mortgage their production equipment, raw materials, work in process, and finished products that they currently own or thereafter acquired, and if the debtor fails to perform his obligations due or any event upon which a security interest in the mortgaged property is to be enforced as agreed by the parties occurs, the creditor has priority to be paid from the movable property determined at the time when the mortgaged property is ascertained.
第三百九十六条 企业、个体工商户、农业生产经营者可以将现有的以及将有的生产设备、原材料、半成品、产品抵押，债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现抵押权的情形，债权人有权就抵押财产确定时的动产优先受偿。
Article 397 Where a building is mortgaged, the right to use the lot of land in the area occupied by the building for construction purposes shall be mortgaged concomitantly. Where a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes is mortgaged, any building on the lot of land shall be mortgaged concomitantly.
第三百九十七条 以建筑物抵押的，该建筑物占用范围内的建设用地使用权一并抵押。以建设用地使用权抵押的，该土地上的建筑物一并抵押。
Where a mortgagor fails to concomitantly mortgage the property as provided in the preceding paragraph, the unmortgaged property in question shall be deemed to be concomitantly mortgaged.
抵押人未依据前款规定一并抵押的，未抵押的财产视为一并抵押。
Article 398 A right to use a lot of land for construction purposes of a township or village enterprise may not be mortgaged separately. Where a factory premise or any other building of a township or village enterprise is mortgaged, the right to use the lot of land in the area occupied by the building for construction purposes shall be concomitantly mortgaged.
第三百九十八条 乡镇、村企业的建设用地使用权不得单独抵押。以乡镇、村企业的厂房等建筑物抵押的，其占用范围内的建设用地使用权一并抵押。
Article 399 The following property may not be mortgaged:
第三百九十九条 下列财产不得抵押：
(1) land ownership;
（一）土地所有权；
(2) the right to use the land owned by a collective, such as house sites, land and hills retained for household use, unless it may be mortgaged as provided by law;
（二）宅基地、自留地、自留山等集体所有土地的使用权，但是法律规定可以抵押的除外；
(3) educational facilities, medical and health facilities, and other public welfare facilities of non-profit legal persons established for public welfare purposes, such as schools, kindergartens, and medical institutions;
（三）学校、幼儿园、医疗机构等为公益目的成立的非营利法人的教育设施、医疗卫生设施和其他公益设施；
(4) property of which the ownership or right to the use is unclear or disputed;
（四）所有权、使用权不明或者有争议的财产；
(5) property that has been seized, detained, or placed under custody in accordance with law; and
（五）依法被查封、扣押、监管的财产；
(6) other property that may not be mortgaged as provided by laws or administrative regulations.
（六）法律、行政法规规定不得抵押的其他财产。
Article 400 To create a mortgage, the parties shall enter into a mortgage contract in writing.
第四百条 设立抵押权，当事人应当采用书面形式订立抵押合同。
A mortgage contract generally contains the following terms:
抵押合同一般包括下列条款：
(1) the type and amount of the secured claim;
（一）被担保债权的种类和数额；
(2) the term during which the debtor shall perform obligations;
（二）债务人履行债务的期限；
(3) such particulars as the name and quantity of the mortgaged property; and
（三）抵押财产的名称、数量等情况；
(4) the scope of the security interest covered.
（四）担保的范围。
Article 401 Where, prior to the due date of performance of an obligation, the mortgagee reaches an agreement with the mortgagor under which the mortgaged property belongs to the creditor in the event that the debtor fails to perform the obligation due, the mortgagee, regardless, may only have priority to be paid from the mortgaged property in accordance with law.
第四百零一条 抵押权人在债务履行期限届满前，与抵押人约定债务人不履行到期债务时抵押财产归债权人所有的，只能依法就抵押财产优先受偿。
Article 402 To create a mortgage on the property as specified in Subparagraphs (1) through (3) of the first paragraph of Article 395, or on the building under construction as specified in Subparagraph (5) of the first paragraph of this Code, registration shall be made for the mortgage. The mortgage shall be created upon registration.
第四百零二条 以本法第三百九十五条第一款第一项至第三项规定的财产或者第五项规定的正在建造的建筑物抵押的，应当办理抵押登记。抵押权自登记时设立。
Article 403 A mortgage on movable property shall be created at the time when the mortgage contract enters into effect; without registration, such a mortgage may not be asserted against a bona fide third person.
第四百零三条 以动产抵押的，抵押权自抵押合同生效时设立；未经登记，不得对抗善意第三人。
Article 404 A mortgage on movable property may not be asserted against a buyer who has paid a reasonable purchase price and acquired the mortgaged property in the ordinary course of business.
第四百零四条 以动产抵押的，不得对抗正常经营活动中已经支付合理价款并取得抵押财产的买受人。
Article 405 Where a mortgaged property has been let to and possessed by another person prior to creation of the mortgage, the lease relationship shall not be affected by the mortgage.
第四百零五条 抵押权设立前，抵押财产已经出租并转移占有的，原租赁关系不受该抵押权的影响。
Article 406 A mortgagor may transfer the mortgaged property to another person during the term of the mortgage unless otherwise agreed by the parties. The transfer of the mortgaged property shall not affect the mortgage.
第四百零六条 抵押期间，抵押人可以转让抵押财产。当事人另有约定的，按照其约定。抵押财产转让的，抵押权不受影响。
A mortgagor who transfers the mortgaged property to another person shall notify the mortgagee in a timely manner. The mortgagee may request the mortgagor to apply the proceeds of the transfer to pay off the obligation before it is due, or place such proceeds in escrow where he may establish that the transfer of the mortgaged property may impair his right to the mortgage. The portion of the proceeds obtained from the transfer in excess of the amount of the obligation owed shall belong to the mortgagor, while any deficiency shall be satisfied by the debtor.
抵押人转让抵押财产的，应当及时通知抵押权人。抵押权人能够证明抵押财产转让可能损害抵押权的，可以请求抵押人将转让所得的价款向抵押权人提前清偿债务或者提存。转让的价款超过债权数额的部分归抵押人所有，不足部分由债务人清偿。
Article 407 A mortgage may not be transferred separately from the underlying claim or be used as security for another claim. Where a claim is transferred, the mortgage securing the claim shall be transferred concomitantly with it, unless otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties.
第四百零七条 抵押权不得与债权分离而单独转让或者作为其他债权的担保。债权转让的，担保该债权的抵押权一并转让，但是法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。
Article 408 Where an act of a mortgagor suffices to reduce the value of the mortgaged property, the mortgagee is entitled to request the mortgagor to refrain from performing such an act. Where the value of the mortgaged property is reduced, the mortgagee is entitled to request the mortgagor to restore its value or provide additional security to the extent of the reduced value. Where the mortgagor neither restores the original value of the mortgaged property, nor provides additional security therefor, the mortgagee is entitled to request the debtor to pay off the debt before it is due.
第四百零八条 抵押人的行为足以使抵押财产价值减少的，抵押权人有权请求抵押人停止其行为；抵押财产价值减少的，抵押权人有权请求恢复抵押财产的价值，或者提供与减少的价值相应的担保。抵押人不恢复抵押财产的价值，也不提供担保的，抵押权人有权请求债务人提前清偿债务。
Article 409 A mortgagee may waive his right to the mortgage, or waive his priority order in the line of the mortgagees. A mortgagee and the mortgagor may reach an agreement to change such things as the mortgagee’s priority order in the line of the mortgagees and the amount of the secured claim, provided that any change to the mortgage may not adversely affect the other mortgagees without their written consent.
第四百零九条 抵押权人可以放弃抵押权或者抵押权的顺位。抵押权人与抵押人可以协议变更抵押权顺位以及被担保的债权数额等内容。但是，抵押权的变更未经其他抵押权人书面同意的，不得对其他抵押权人产生不利影响。
Where a debtor creates a mortgage on his own property, and the mortgagee waives his right to the mortgage and his priority order in the line of mortgagees, or changes the mortgage, the other security providers shall be exempted from the security liability to the extent of the rights and interests of the mortgagee that are forfeited owing to the waiver of his priority to be paid from the mortgaged property, unless the other security providers are committed to still provide security.
债务人以自己的财产设定抵押，抵押权人放弃该抵押权、抵押权顺位或者变更抵押权的，其他担保人在抵押权人丧失优先受偿权益的范围内免除担保责任，但是其他担保人承诺仍然提供担保的除外。
Article 410 Where a debtor fails to perform his obligation due or an event upon which a mortgage is to be enforced as agreed upon by the parties occurs, the mortgagee may, upon agreement with the mortgagor, have the priority right to appraise and accept the mortgaged property, or apply the proceeds obtained from auction or sale of the mortgaged property to satisfy his claim against the mortgagor. Where the agreement is detrimental to the interests of other creditors, the other creditors may request the people’s court to rescind the agreement.
第四百一十条 债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现抵押权的情形，抵押权人可以与抵押人协议以抵押财产折价或者以拍卖、变卖该抵押财产所得的价款优先受偿。协议损害其他债权人利益的，其他债权人可以请求人民法院撤销该协议。
Where a mortgagee and a mortgagor fail to reach an agreement on the methods of enforcing the mortgage, the mortgagee may request the people’s court to have the mortgaged property sold at auction or in a sale.
抵押权人与抵押人未就抵押权实现方式达成协议的，抵押权人可以请求人民法院拍卖、变卖抵押财产。
The appraisal or sale of the mortgaged property shall be based on the market price thereof.
抵押财产折价或者变卖的，应当参照市场价格。
Article 411 Where a mortgage is created in accordance with the provisions of Article 396 of this Code, the mortgaged property shall be ascertained at the time when one of the following circumstances occurs:
第四百一十一条 依据本法第三百九十六条规定设定抵押的，抵押财产自下列情形之一发生时确定：
(1) the claim is not satisfied upon expiration of the term of performance of the obligation;
（一）债务履行期限届满，债权未实现；
(2) the mortgagor is declared bankrupt or dissolved;
（二）抵押人被宣告破产或者解散；
(3) an event upon which the mortgage is to be enforced as agreed upon by the parties occurs; or
（三）当事人约定的实现抵押权的情形；
(4) any other circumstance that seriously affects the enforcement of the claim.
（四）严重影响债权实现的其他情形。
Article 412 Where a debtor fails to perform his obligation due or an event upon the occurrence of which the mortgage is to be enforced as agreed upon by the parties occurs, resulting in the seizure of the mortgaged property by the people’s court in accordance with law, the mortgagee is entitled to collect the natural fruits or legal proceeds accrued from the mortgaged property as of the date of the seizure, unless the mortgagee fails to notify the person who is obligated to pay off the legal proceeds.
第四百一十二条 债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现抵押权的情形，致使抵押财产被人民法院依法扣押的，自扣押之日起，抵押权人有权收取该抵押财产的天然孳息或者法定孳息，但是抵押权人未通知应当清偿法定孳息义务人的除外。
The fruits or proceeds as specified in the preceding paragraph shall first be applied to offset the expenses of collecting them.
前款规定的孳息应当先充抵收取孳息的费用。
Article 413 Where the appraised value of a mortgaged property or the proceeds obtained from auction or sale of it is in excess of the amount of the obligation owed, the excessive portion shall belong to the mortgagor, while any deficiency shall be satisfied by the debtor.
第四百一十三条 抵押财产折价或者拍卖、变卖后，其价款超过债权数额的部分归抵押人所有，不足部分由债务人清偿。
Article 414 Where a property is mortgaged to two or more creditors, the proceeds obtained from auction or sale of the mortgaged property shall be applied in accordance with the following provisions:
第四百一十四条 同一财产向两个以上债权人抵押的，拍卖、变卖抵押财产所得的价款依照下列规定清偿：
(1) where the mortgages have all been registered, the order of payment is based on the priority in time of registration;
（一）抵押权已经登记的，按照登记的时间先后确定清偿顺序；
(2) a registered mortgage has priority over an unregistered mortgage to be paid; and
（二）抵押权已经登记的先于未登记的受偿；
(3) where none of the mortgages are registered, payment shall be made on a pro rata basis against the claims.
（三）抵押权未登记的，按照债权比例清偿。
The preceding paragraph shall be applied mutatis mutandis with regard to the priority order of payment for other security interests that are registrable.
其他可以登记的担保物权，清偿顺序参照适用前款规定。
Article 415 Where both a mortgage and a pledge are created on the same property, the priority order of payment with the proceeds obtained from auction or sale of the property shall be based on the priority in time of registration and delivery of the property.
第四百一十五条 同一财产既设立抵押权又设立质权的，拍卖、变卖该财产所得的价款按照登记、交付的时间先后确定清偿顺序。
Article 416 Where a principal claim secured by a mortgage on movable property is the purchase price of the mortgaged property, and registration for the mortgage is made within 10 days after delivery of the property, the mortgagee has the priority to be paid over the other persons, other than a lienholder, who have security interests thereon in relation to the purchaser of the mortgaged property.
第四百一十六条 动产抵押担保的主债权是抵押物的价款，标的物交付后十日内办理抵押登记的，该抵押权人优先于抵押物买受人的其他担保物权人受偿，但是留置权人除外。
Article 417 Where a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes is mortgaged, any newly added buildings on the lot of land are not part of the mortgaged property. Upon enforcement of the mortgage on the right to use the lot of land for construction purposes, the newly added buildings on such land shall be disposed of concomitantly with the right to use such land for construction purposes, provided that the mortgagee has no priority to be paid from the proceeds obtained from disposition of the newly added buildings.
第四百一十七条 建设用地使用权抵押后，该土地上新增的建筑物不属于抵押财产。该建设用地使用权实现抵押权时，应当将该土地上新增的建筑物与建设用地使用权一并处分。但是，新增建筑物所得的价款，抵押权人无权优先受偿。
Article 418 Where a right to use a lot of land owned by a collective is mortgaged in accordance with law, the nature of the ownership and the purpose of use of the land may not be altered without going through statutory procedures after the mortgage is enforced.
第四百一十八条 以集体所有土地的使用权依法抵押的，实现抵押权后，未经法定程序，不得改变土地所有权的性质和土地用途。
Article 419 A mortgagee shall exercise his right to mortgage within the limitation period for claiming against the principal obligation; otherwise no protection may be provided by the people’s court.
第四百一十九条 抵押权人应当在主债权诉讼时效期间行使抵押权；未行使的，人民法院不予保护。
Section 2 Maximum Mortgage for Floating Claims
第二节 最高额抵押权
Article 420 Where a debtor or a third person provides a collateral for future claims that will arise consecutively within a certain period of time to secure performance of the obligations, if the debtor fails to perform an obligation due or an event upon which such a mortgage is to be enforced as agreed upon by the parties occurs, the mortgagee has the priority to be paid from the mortgaged property up to the maximum amount of his claim.
第四百二十条 为担保债务的履行，债务人或者第三人对一定期间内将要连续发生的债权提供担保财产的，债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现抵押权的情形，抵押权人有权在最高债权额限度内就该担保财产优先受偿。
A claim that exists prior to the creation of the maximum mortgage for floating claims may, upon consent of the parties, be included in the claims secured by such a mortgage.
最高额抵押权设立前已经存在的债权，经当事人同意，可以转入最高额抵押担保的债权范围。
Article 421 Before the claims secured by the maximum mortgage for floating claims are ascertained, where part of the claims is transferred, the mortgage may not be transferred unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
第四百二十一条 最高额抵押担保的债权确定前，部分债权转让的，最高额抵押权不得转让，但是当事人另有约定的除外。
Article 422 Before the claims secured by a maximum mortgage for floating claims are ascertained, the mortgagee and the mortgagor may change by agreement the period of time for the ascertainment of the claims, the scope of the claims, and the maximum amount of the claims, provided that such changes may not adversely affect other mortgagees.
第四百二十二条 最高额抵押担保的债权确定前，抵押权人与抵押人可以通过协议变更债权确定的期间、债权范围以及最高债权额。但是，变更的内容不得对其他抵押权人产生不利影响。
Article 423 The claims of the mortgagee are ascertained under one of the following circumstances:
第四百二十三条 有下列情形之一的，抵押权人的债权确定：
(1) where the agreed period of time for the claims to be ascertained expires;
（一）约定的债权确定期间届满；
(2) where there is no agreement on the period of time for the claims to be ascertained or the agreement is unclear , and the mortgagee or the mortgagor requests for ascertainment of the claims after the lapse of two years from the date of the creation of the mortgage;
（二）没有约定债权确定期间或者约定不明确，抵押权人或者抵押人自最高额抵押权设立之日起满二年后请求确定债权；
(3) where it is impossible for a new claim to arise;
（三）新的债权不可能发生；
(4) where the mortgagee knows or should have known that the mortgaged property has been seized or detained;
（四）抵押权人知道或者应当知道抵押财产被查封、扣押；
(5) where the debtor or the mortgagor is declared bankrupt or dissolved; or
（五）债务人、抵押人被宣告破产或者解散；
(6) any other circumstance under which the claims are to be ascertained as provided by law.
（六）法律规定债权确定的其他情形。
Article 424 In addition to the provisions of this Section, the relevant provisions of Section 1 of this Chapter shall be applied to the maximum mortgage for floating claims.
第四百二十四条 最高额抵押权除适用本节规定外，适用本章第一节的有关规定。
Chapter XVIII Pledge
第十八章 质权
Section 1 Pledge in Movable Property
第一节 动产质权
Article 425 Where a debtor or a third person pledges his movable property to the creditor for possession in order to secure the performance of an obligation, if the debtor fails to perform the obligation due or an event upon the occurrence of which the pledge is to be enforced as agreed upon by the parties occurs, the creditor has priority to be paid from the movable property.
第四百二十五条 为担保债务的履行，债务人或者第三人将其动产出质给债权人占有的，债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现质权的情形，债权人有权就该动产优先受偿。
The debtor or third person as specified in the preceding paragraph is the pledgor, the creditor is the pledgee, and the movable property delivered is the pledged property .
前款规定的债务人或者第三人为出质人，债权人为质权人，交付的动产为质押财产。
Article 426 Movable property may not be pledged where its transfer is prohibited by laws or administrative regulations.
第四百二十六条 法律、行政法规禁止转让的动产不得出质。
Article 427 To create a pledge, the parties shall enter into a pledge contract in writing.
第四百二十七条 设立质权，当事人应当采用书面形式订立质押合同。
A pledge contract generally contains the following clauses:
质押合同一般包括下列条款：
(1) the type and amount of the secured claim;
（一）被担保债权的种类和数额；
(2) the term for the debtor to perform the obligation;
（二）债务人履行债务的期限；
(3) such particulars as the name and quantity of the pledged property;
（三）质押财产的名称、数量等情况；
(4) the scope of the security covered; and
（四）担保的范围；
(5) the time for and the mode of the delivery of the pledged property.
（五）质押财产交付的时间、方式。
Article 428 Where, prior to the due date of performance of an obligation, the pledgee reaches an agreement with the pledgor under which the pledged property belongs to the creditor in the event that the debtor fails to perform the obligation due, the pledgee, regardless, may only have priority to be paid from the pledged property in accordance with law.
第四百二十八条 质权人在债务履行期限届满前，与出质人约定债务人不履行到期债务时质押财产归债权人所有的，只能依法就质押财产优先受偿。
Article 429 A pledge is created upon delivery of the pledged property by the pledgor.
第四百二十九条 质权自出质人交付质押财产时设立。
Article 430 A pledgee has the right to collect the fruits and proceeds accrued from the pledged property unless otherwise agreed in the contract.
第四百三十条 质权人有权收取质押财产的孳息，但是合同另有约定的除外。
The fruits and proceeds as specified in the preceding paragraph shall first be applied to offset the expenses of collection of them.
前款规定的孳息应当先充抵收取孳息的费用。
Article 431 A pledgee who, during the effective period of the pledge, uses or disposes of the pledged property without the consent of the pledgor and thus causes damage to the latter shall be liable for compensation.
第四百三十一条 质权人在质权存续期间，未经出质人同意，擅自使用、处分质押财产，造成出质人损害的，应当承担赔偿责任。
Article 432 A pledgee is obligated to well keep the pledged property, and shall be liable for compensation where the pledged property is destructed, damaged, or lost due to his improper custody.
第四百三十二条 质权人负有妥善保管质押财产的义务；因保管不善致使质押财产毁损、灭失的，应当承担赔偿责任。
Where the pledgee’s act is likely to cause the pledged property to be destructed, damaged, or lost, the pledgor may request the pledgee to place the pledged property in escrow, or request the pledgee to discharge the obligation before it is due and return the pledged property.
质权人的行为可能使质押财产毁损、灭失的，出质人可以请求质权人将质押财产提存，或者请求提前清偿债务并返还质押财产。
Article 433 Where, due to a cause the pledgee is not responsible for, the pledged property is likely to be damaged or significantly diminished in value which suffices to jeopardize the pledgee’s rights, the pledgee has the right to request the pledgor to provide additional security; where the pledgor fails to do so, the pledgee may have the pledged property sold at auction or in a sale and may, by agreement with the pledgor, apply the proceeds obtained from the auction or sale to discharge the obligation before it is due or place such proceeds in escrow.
第四百三十三条 因不可归责于质权人的事由可能使质押财产毁损或者价值明显减少，足以危害质权人权利的，质权人有权请求出质人提供相应的担保；出质人不提供的，质权人可以拍卖、变卖质押财产，并与出质人协议将拍卖、变卖所得的价款提前清偿债务或者提存。
Article 434 A pledgee shall be liable for compensation where he, during the effective period of the pledge, repledges the pledged property without the consent of the pledgor to a third person and thus causes destruction, damage, or loss to the pledged property.
第四百三十四条 质权人在质权存续期间，未经出质人同意转质，造成质押财产毁损、灭失的，应当承担赔偿责任。
Article 435 A pledgee may waive his right to the pledge. Where a debtor creates a pledge on his own property and the pledgee waives his right to the pledge, the other security providers shall be exempted from the security liability to the extent of the rights and interests of the pledgee that are forfeited owing to the waiver of his priority to be paid from the collateral, unless the other security providers are committed to still provide security.
第四百三十五条 质权人可以放弃质权。债务人以自己的财产出质，质权人放弃该质权的，其他担保人在质权人丧失优先受偿权益的范围内免除担保责任，但是其他担保人承诺仍然提供担保的除外。
Article 436 A pledgee shall return the pledged property after the debtor has performed his obligation or the pledgor has paid the secured claim before it is due.
第四百三十六条 债务人履行债务或者出质人提前清偿所担保的债权的，质权人应当返还质押财产。
Where a debtor fails to perform an obligation due or an event upon the occurrence of which the pledge is to be enforced as agreed upon by the parties occurs, the pledgee may, by agreement with the pledgor, appraise and accept the pledged property as satisfaction of his claim, or have priority to be paid from the proceeds obtained from auction or sale of the pledged property.
债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现质权的情形，质权人可以与出质人协议以质押财产折价，也可以就拍卖、变卖质押财产所得的价款优先受偿。
The appraisal or sale of the pledged property shall be based on the market price.
质押财产折价或者变卖的，应当参照市场价格。
Article 437 A pledgor may request the pledgee to enforce the pledge in a timely manner after expiration of the period for the performance of the obligation; where the pledgee fails to do so, the pledgor may request the people’s court to have the pledged property sold at auction or in a sale.
第四百三十七条 出质人可以请求质权人在债务履行期限届满后及时行使质权；质权人不行使的，出质人可以请求人民法院拍卖、变卖质押财产。
Where a pledgor requests the pledgee to enforce the pledge in a timely manner, and damage is caused to the pledgor owing to the pledgee’s indolence in doing so, the pledgee shall be liable for compensation.
出质人请求质权人及时行使质权，因质权人怠于行使权利造成出质人损害的，由质权人承担赔偿责任。
Article 438 After a pledged property is appraised and accepted by the pledgee as full or partial satisfaction of his claim, or is sold at auction or in a sale, where the value of the pledged property as appraised or the proceeds obtained from auction or sale is in excess of the amount of the obligation owed, the excessive portion shall belong to the pledgor, while any deficiency shall be satisfied by the debtor.
第四百三十八条 质押财产折价或者拍卖、变卖后，其价款超过债权数额的部分归出质人所有，不足部分由债务人清偿。
Article 439 A pledgor and a pledgee may create a maximum pledge for floating claims upon agreement.
第四百三十九条 出质人与质权人可以协议设立最高额质权。
In addition to the relevant provisions of this Section, the relevant provisions of Section 2 of Chapter 17 of this Book shall be applied mutatis mutandis to the maximum pledge for floating claims.
最高额质权除适用本节有关规定外，参照适用本编第十七章第二节的有关规定。
Section 2 Pledge on a Right
第二节 权利质权
Article 440 The following rights, which a debtor or a third person is entitled to dispose of, may be pledged:
第四百四十条 债务人或者第三人有权处分的下列权利可以出质：
(1) bills of exchange, promissory notes, and checks;
（一）汇票、本票、支票；
(2) bonds and certificates of deposits;
（二）债券、存款单；
(3) warehouse receipts and bills of lading;
（三）仓单、提单；
(4) transferable fund shares and equity;
（四）可以转让的基金份额、股权；
(5) transferable proprietary rights consisted in intellectual property such as the right to the exclusive use of registered trademarks, patent rights, and copyrights;
（五）可以转让的注册商标专用权、专利权、著作权等知识产权中的财产权；
(6) existing and after-acquired accounts receivables; and
（六）现有的以及将有的应收账款；
(7) other proprietary rights that may be pledged in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations.
（七）法律、行政法规规定可以出质的其他财产权利。
Article 441 Unless otherwise provided by law, a pledge on a bill of exchange, promissory note, check, bond, certificate of deposits, warehouse receipt, or bill of lading is created at the time when the certificate of such a right is delivered to the pledgee, or, in the absence of such a certificate, at the time when the pledge is registered.
第四百四十一条 以汇票、本票、支票、债券、存款单、仓单、提单出质的，质权自权利凭证交付质权人时设立；没有权利凭证的，质权自办理出质登记时设立。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。
Article 442 Where the maturity date for the payment or the delivery of goods against a pledged bill of exchange, promissory note, check, bond, certificate of deposits, warehouse receipt, or bill of lading precedes the due date of the principal claim, the pledgee may cash the certificate or take delivery of the goods, and, upon agreement with the pledgor, apply the purchase price or the goods accepted to discharge the obligation before it is due or place it in escrow.
第四百四十二条 汇票、本票、支票、债券、存款单、仓单、提单的兑现日期或者提货日期先于主债权到期的，质权人可以兑现或者提货，并与出质人协议将兑现的价款或者提取的货物提前清偿债务或者提存。
Article 443 A pledge on fund shares or equity is created upon registration of the pledge.
第四百四十三条 以基金份额、股权出质的，质权自办理出质登记时设立。
The fund shares or equity, after being pledged, may not be transferred unless otherwise agreed by the pledgor and the pledgee through consultation. The proceeds obtained by the pledgor from the transfer of the pledged fund shares or equity shall be applied to pay to the pledgee to discharge the obligation before it is due or be placed in escrow.
基金份额、股权出质后，不得转让，但是出质人与质权人协商同意的除外。出质人转让基金份额、股权所得的价款，应当向质权人提前清偿债务或者提存。
Article 444 A pledge on a proprietary right in intellectual property, such as the right to the exclusive use of a registered trademark, a patent right, or copyright, is created upon registration.
第四百四十四条 以注册商标专用权、专利权、著作权等知识产权中的财产权出质的，质权自办理出质登记时设立。
A proprietary right in intellectual property, after being pledged, may not be transferred or licensed by the pledgor to another person, unless otherwise agreed by the pledgor and the pledgee through consultation. The proceeds obtained by the pledgor from the transfer or licensing of the proprietary right in the pledged intellectual property shall be applied to pay to the pledgee to discharge the obligation before it is due or be placed in escrow.
知识产权中的财产权出质后，出质人不得转让或者许可他人使用，但是出质人与质权人协商同意的除外。出质人转让或者许可他人使用出质的知识产权中的财产权所得的价款，应当向质权人提前清偿债务或者提存。
Article 445 A pledge on an account receivable is created upon registration.
第四百四十五条 以应收账款出质的，质权自办理出质登记时设立。
An account receivable, after being pledged, may not be transferred unless otherwise agreed by the pledgor and the pledgee through consultation. The proceeds obtained by the pledgor from the transfer of the account receivable shall be applied to pay to the pledgee to discharge the obligation before it is due or be placed in escrow.
应收账款出质后，不得转让，但是出质人与质权人协商同意的除外。出质人转让应收账款所得的价款，应当向质权人提前清偿债务或者提存。
Article 446 In addition to the provisions of this Section, the relevant provisions of Section 1 of this Chapter shall be applied to the pledge on rights.
第四百四十六条 权利质权除适用本节规定外，适用本章第一节的有关规定。
Chapter XIX Lien
第十九章 留 置 权
Article 447 Where a debtor fails to perform his obligation due, the creditor may retain the debtor’s movable property which is already in the lawful possession of the creditor and has priority to be paid from the movable property.
第四百四十七条 债务人不履行到期债务，债权人可以留置已经合法占有的债务人的动产，并有权就该动产优先受偿。
The creditor as specified in the preceding paragraph is the lienholder, the movable property in his possession for this purpose is the property under lien.
前款规定的债权人为留置权人，占有的动产为留置财产。
Article 448 The movable property retained under a lien by the creditor shall be in the same legal relationship as the underlying claim, unless the lienholder and the debtor are both enterprises.
第四百四十八条 债权人留置的动产，应当与债权属于同一法律关系，但是企业之间留置的除外。
Article 449 The movable property that may not be retained under a lien as provided by law or agreed by the parties may not be so retained.
第四百四十九条 法律规定或者当事人约定不得留置的动产，不得留置。
Article 450 Where the property retained under a lien is a divisible thing, the value of the retained property shall be equivalent to the amount of the obligation.
第四百五十条 留置财产为可分物的，留置财产的价值应当相当于债务的金额。
Article 451 A lienholder is obligated to well keep the retained property and shall be liable for compensation where the retained property is destructed, damaged, or lost due to improper custody.
第四百五十一条 留置权人负有妥善保管留置财产的义务；因保管不善致使留置财产毁损、灭失的，应当承担赔偿责任。
Article 452 A lienholder has the right to collect the fruits and proceeds accrued from the property retained under a lien.
第四百五十二条 留置权人有权收取留置财产的孳息。
The fruits and proceeds as specified in the preceding paragraph shall first be applied to offset the expenses for collecting them.
前款规定的孳息应当先充抵收取孳息的费用。
Article 453 A lienholder and the debtor shall reach an agreement on the term of performance of the obligation after the property is retained under the lien; where there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear, the lienholder shall give the debtor a period of 60 or more days as the term of performance, unless the retained movable property is fresh, living, or perishable so that it is hard to keep it for long. Where a debtor defaults upon expiration of the term of performance, the lienholder may, upon agreement with the debtor, appraise and accept the retained property to fully or partially satisfy the obligation, or be paid with priority from the proceeds obtained from auction or sale of the retained property.
第四百五十三条 留置权人与债务人应当约定留置财产后的债务履行期限；没有约定或者约定不明确的，留置权人应当给债务人六十日以上履行债务的期限，但是鲜活易腐等不易保管的动产除外。债务人逾期未履行的，留置权人可以与债务人协议以留置财产折价，也可以就拍卖、变卖留置财产所得的价款优先受偿。
The appraisal or sale of the retained property shall be based on the market price.
留置财产折价或者变卖的，应当参照市场价格。
Article 454 A debtor may request the lienholder to enforce the lien after expiration of the term of performance of the obligation; where the lienholder fails to do so, the debtor may request the people’s court to have the retained property sold at auction or in a sale.
第四百五十四条 债务人可以请求留置权人在债务履行期限届满后行使留置权；留置权人不行使的，债务人可以请求人民法院拍卖、变卖留置财产。
Article 455 After the property retained under a lien is appraised and accepted by the lienholder as full or partial satisfaction of his claim, or is sold at auction or in a sale, where the value of the retained property or the proceeds obtained from auction or sale of the retained property is in excess of the amount of the obligation owed, the excessive portion shall belong to the debtor, while any deficiency shall be satisfied by the debtor.
第四百五十五条 留置财产折价或者拍卖、变卖后，其价款超过债权数额的部分归债务人所有，不足部分由债务人清偿。
Article 456 Where a lien is created on a movable property on which a mortgage or pledge has already been created, the lienholder has priority to be paid.
第四百五十六条 同一动产上已经设立抵押权或者质权，该动产又被留置的，留置权人优先受偿。
Article 457 A lien is extinguished where the lienholder loses possession of the retained property or accepts another form of security provided by the debtor.
第四百五十七条 留置权人对留置财产丧失占有或者留置权人接受债务人另行提供担保的，留置权消灭。
Part Five Possession
第五分编 占有
Chapter XX. Possession
第二十章 占有
Article 458 In the case of possession of immovable or movable property based on a contractual relationship, matters such as the use of the immovable or movable property, the benefits therefrom, and the default liability shall be subject to the agreement in the contract; where there is no agreement thereon in the contract or the agreement is unclear, the relevant provisions of laws shall be applied.
第四百五十八条 基于合同关系等产生的占有，有关不动产或者动产的使用、收益、违约责任等，按照合同约定；合同没有约定或者约定不明确的，依照有关法律规定。
Article 459 Where damage is caused to the immovable or movable property by its possessor as a result of use of the property, a mala fide possessor shall be liable for compensation.
第四百五十九条 占有人因使用占有的不动产或者动产，致使该不动产或者动产受到损害的，恶意占有人应当承担赔偿责任。
Article 460 Where an immovable or movable property is in the possession of another person, a person holding a right in the property may request the possessor to return the original property and its fruits and proceeds, provided that the necessary expenses incurred by a bona fide possessor for the maintenance of the immovable or movable property shall be paid.
第四百六十条 不动产或者动产被占有人占有的，权利人可以请求返还原物及其孳息；但是，应当支付善意占有人因维护该不动产或者动产支出的必要费用。
Article 461 Where the immovable or movable property in another person’s possession is destructed, damaged, or lost, and a person holding a right in the property requests for compensation, the possessor shall return to the right holder the amount of insurance payment, compensation or indemnity he has received for the property destructed, damaged, or lost; where the right holder has not been fully compensated, a possessor mala fide shall also compensate for the loss.
第四百六十一条 占有的不动产或者动产毁损、灭失，该不动产或者动产的权利人请求赔偿的，占有人应当将因毁损、灭失取得的保险金、赔偿金或者补偿金等返还给权利人；权利人的损害未得到足够弥补的，恶意占有人还应当赔偿损失。
Article 462 Where an immovable or movable property is trespassed or converted, its possessor is entitled to request restitution. Where there is a nuisance against the possession, the possessor has the right to request the removal of the nuisance or the elimination of the danger. Where damage is caused as a result of the trespass, conversion, or nuisance, the possessor has the right to request compensatory damages in accordance with law.
第四百六十二条 占有的不动产或者动产被侵占的，占有人有权请求返还原物；对妨害占有的行为，占有人有权请求排除妨害或者消除危险；因侵占或者妨害造成损害的，占有人有权依法请求损害赔偿。
The possessor’s right to request for restitution is extinguished if such a right has not been exercised within one year from the date the trespass or conversion occurs.
占有人返还原物的请求权，自侵占发生之日起一年内未行使的，该请求权消灭。