Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China
中华人民共和国民法典
(Adopted at the Third Session of the Thirteenth National People’s Congress on May 28, 2020)
（2020年5月28日第十三届全国人民代表大会第三次会议通过）
Book Four Personality Rights
第四编 人格权
Chapter I General Rules
第一章 一般规定
Article 989 This Book regulates the civil-law relations arising from the enjoyment and protection of personality rights.
第九百八十九条 本编调整因人格权的享有和保护产生的民事关系。
Article 990 Personality rights are the rights enjoyed by persons of the civil law, such as the right to life, the right to corporeal integrity, the right to health, the right to name, the right to trade name, the right to likeness, the right to reputation, the right to honor, the right to privacy, and the like.
第九百九十条 人格权是民事主体享有的生命权、身体权、健康权、姓名权、名称权、肖像权、名誉权、荣誉权、隐私权等权利。
In addition to the personality rights provided in the preceding paragraph, a natural person enjoys other personality rights and interests arising from personal liberty and human dignity.
除前款规定的人格权外，自然人享有基于人身自由、人格尊严产生的其他人格权益。
Article 991 The personality rights of persons of the civil law are protected by law and free from infringement by any organization or individual.
第九百九十一条 民事主体的人格权受法律保护，任何组织或者个人不得侵害。
Article 992 Personality rights may not be waived, transferred, or inherited.
第九百九十二条 人格权不得放弃、转让或者继承。
Article 993 The name, entity name, likeness, or the like, of a person of the civil law may be used by others upon authorization, unless the authorization thereof is not allowed by law or based on the nature of the right.
第九百九十三条 民事主体可以将自己的姓名、名称、肖像等许可他人使用，但是依照法律规定或者根据其性质不得许可的除外。
Article 994 Where the name, likeness, reputation, honor, privacy, remains, or the like, of the deceased is harmed, the spouse, children, and parents of the deceased have the right to request the actor to bear civil liability in accordance with law. Where the deceased has no spouse or children, and the parents of the deceased have already died, other close relatives of the deceased have the right to request the actor to bear civil liability in accordance with law.
第九百九十四条 死者的姓名、肖像、名誉、荣誉、隐私、遗体等受到侵害的，其配偶、子女、父母有权依法请求行为人承担民事责任；死者没有配偶、子女且父母已经死亡的，其他近亲属有权依法请求行为人承担民事责任。
Article 995 A person whose personality rights are infringed upon has the right to request the actor to bear civil liability in accordance with the provisions of this Code and the other laws. Where the said person exercises his right to request the actor to stop the infringement, remove the nuisance, eliminate the danger, eliminate the adverse effects, rehabilitate his reputation, or extend apologies, the provisions on limitation periods shall not apply.
第九百九十五条 人格权受到侵害的，受害人有权依照本法和其他法律的规定请求行为人承担民事责任。受害人的停止侵害、排除妨碍、消除危险、消除影响、恢复名誉、赔礼道歉请求权，不适用诉讼时效的规定。
Article 996 Where the personality rights of a party is harmed by the other party’s breach of contract and the injured party is thus suffered severe emotional distress, if the injured party elects to request the other party to bear liability based on breach of contract, his right to claim for compensation for pains and suffering is not be affected.
第九百九十六条 因当事人一方的违约行为，损害对方人格权并造成严重精神损害，受损害方选择请求其承担违约责任的，不影响受损害方请求精神损害赔偿。
Article 997 Where a person of the civil law has evidence to prove that an actor is committing or is about to commit an illegal act that infringes upon his personality rights, and that failure to timely stop the act will cause irreparable harm to his lawful rights and interests, the person has the right, in accordance with law, to request the people’s court to order the actor to stop the act.
第九百九十七条 民事主体有证据证明行为人正在实施或者即将实施侵害其人格权的违法行为，不及时制止将使其合法权益受到难以弥补的损害的，有权依法向人民法院申请采取责令行为人停止有关行为的措施。
Article 998 In determining the civil liability an actor is to bear for infringing upon other’s personality rights, other than the right to life, the right to corporeal integrity, or the right to health, consideration shall be given to the occupations of the actor and the injured person, the scope of impact of the act, the degree of fault, as well as the factors such as the purposes, methods, and consequences of the act.
第九百九十八条 认定行为人承担侵害除生命权、身体权和健康权外的人格权的民事责任，应当考虑行为人和受害人的职业、影响范围、过错程度，以及行为的目的、方式、后果等因素。
Article 999 The name, entity name, likeness, personal information, and the like, of a person of the civil law may be reasonably used by those engaged in news reporting, supervision of public opinions, or the like, for public interests, except that civil liability shall be borne in accordance with law where the use unreasonably harms the personality rights of the person.
第九百九十九条 为公共利益实施新闻报道、舆论监督等行为的，可以合理使用民事主体的姓名、名称、肖像、个人信息等；使用不合理侵害民事主体人格权的，应当依法承担民事责任。
Article 1000 Where an actor shall bear civil liability such as elimination of adverse effects, rehabilitation of reputation, or extension of apologies for infringing upon other’s personality rights, the civil liability to be born shall be commensurate with the specific way the act is done and the scope of its impact.
第一千条 行为人因侵害人格权承担消除影响、恢复名誉、赔礼道歉等民事责任的，应当与行为的具体方式和造成的影响范围相当。
Where an actor refuses to bear civil liability as provided in the preceding paragraph, the people’s court may take such measures as making an announcement, publishing the final judgment, or the like, through media, such as newspapers, periodicals, or online websites, and any expenses thus incurred shall be borne by the actor.
行为人拒不承担前款规定的民事责任的，人民法院可以采取在报刊、网络等媒体上发布公告或者公布生效裁判文书等方式执行，产生的费用由行为人负担。
Article 1001 The relevant provisions of Book I and Book V of this Code and the other laws shall apply to the protection of a natural person’s relation-based rights such as a right arising from a marital and familial relationship; in the absence of such provisions, the relevant provisions of this Book on the protection of personality rights shall, based on the nature of the right, be applied mutatis mutandis.
第一千零一条 对自然人因婚姻家庭关系等产生的身份权利的保护，适用本法第一编、第五编和其他法律的相关规定；没有规定的，可以根据其性质参照适用本编人格权保护的有关规定。
Chapter II Rights to Life, Rights to Corporeal Integrity, and Rights to Health
第二章 生命权、身体权和健康权
Article 1002 A natural person enjoys the right to life. A natural persons’ life safety and dignity are protected by law and free from infringement by any organization or individual.
第一千零二条 自然人享有生命权。自然人的生命安全和生命尊严受法律保护。任何组织或者个人不得侵害他人的生命权。
Article 1003 A natural person enjoys the right to corporeal integrity. A natural persons’ corporeal integrity and freedom of movement are protected by law and free from infringement by any organization or individual.
第一千零三条 自然人享有身体权。自然人的身体完整和行动自由受法律保护。任何组织或者个人不得侵害他人的身体权。
Article 1004 A natural person enjoys the right to health. A natural persons’ physical and mental health are protected by law and free from infringement by any organization or individual.
第一千零四条 自然人享有健康权。自然人的身心健康受法律保护。任何组织或者个人不得侵害他人的健康权。
Article 1005 Where a natural person’s right to life, right to corporeal integrity, or right to health is infringed upon or otherwise in peril, the organization or individual who is legally obligated to aid shall promptly extend rescue.
第一千零五条 自然人的生命权、身体权、健康权受到侵害或者处于其他危难情形的，负有法定救助义务的组织或者个人应当及时施救。
Article 1006 A person with full capacity for performing civil juristic acts has the right to make a voluntary decision in accordance with law to donate his cells, tissues, organs, and remains. No organization or individual may force, deceive, or induce the person to donate such.
第一千零六条 完全民事行为能力人有权依法自主决定无偿捐献其人体细胞、人体组织、人体器官、遗体。任何组织或者个人不得强迫、欺骗、利诱其捐献。
The consent of a person with full capacity for performing civil juristic acts to be a donor thereof in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall be made in writing or through a will.
完全民事行为能力人依据前款规定同意捐献的，应当采用书面形式，也可以订立遗嘱。
Where a natural person, during his life, has not disagreed to be a donor thereof after he dies , his spouse, adult children, and parents may, upon his death, jointly decide to make the donation, and such a decision shall be made in writing.
自然人生前未表示不同意捐献的，该自然人死亡后，其配偶、成年子女、父母可以共同决定捐献，决定捐献应当采用书面形式。
Article 1007 Any form of purchase or sale of human cells, tissues, organs, or remains is prohibited.
第一千零七条 禁止以任何形式买卖人体细胞、人体组织、人体器官、遗体。
Any purchase or sale in violation of the preceding paragraph is void.
违反前款规定的买卖行为无效。
Article 1008 Where a clinical trial is needed for developing new drugs and medical devices or developing new prevention and treatment methods, upon approval of the relevant competent authorities and the examination and approval of the ethics committee, the participants or the guardians thereof shall be informed of the details including the purposes, methods, and the possible risks of the trial, and their written consent must be obtained.
第一千零八条 为研制新药、医疗器械或者发展新的预防和治疗方法，需要进行临床试验的，应当依法经相关主管部门批准并经伦理委员会审查同意，向受试者或者受试者的监护人告知试验目的、用途和可能产生的风险等详细情况，并经其书面同意。
When conducting a clinical trial, no fees may be collected from the participants of the trial.
进行临床试验的，不得向受试者收取试验费用。
Article 1009 A medical and scientific research activity related to human genes, embryos, or the like, shall be done in accordance with the relevant provisions of laws, administrative regulations, and the regulations of the State, and shall not endanger human health, offend ethics and morals, or harm public interests.
第一千零九条 从事与人体基因、人体胚胎等有关的医学和科研活动，应当遵守法律、行政法规和国家有关规定，不得危害人体健康，不得违背伦理道德，不得损害公共利益。
Article 1010 A person who has been sexually harassed against his will by another person through oral words, written language, images, physical acts, or the like, has the right to request the actor to bear civil liability in accordance with law.
第一千零一十条 违背他人意愿，以言语、文字、图像、肢体行为等方式对他人实施性骚扰的，受害人有权依法请求行为人承担民事责任。
The State organs, enterprises, schools, and other organizations shall take reasonable precautions, accept and hear complaints, investigate and handle cases, and take other like measures to prevent and stop sexual harassment conducted by a person through taking advantage of his position and power or a superior-subordinate relationship, and the like.
机关、企业、学校等单位应当采取合理的预防、受理投诉、调查处置等措施，防止和制止利用职权、从属关系等实施性骚扰。
Article 1011 A person, whose freedom of movement has been deprived of or restricted by illegal detention or the like measures, or whose body has been illegally searched, has the right to request the actor to bear civil liability in accordance with law.
第一千零一十一条 以非法拘禁等方式剥夺、限制他人的行动自由，或者非法搜查他人身体的，受害人有权依法请求行为人承担民事责任。
Chapter III Rights to Name and Rights to Entity Name
第三章 姓名权和名称权
Article 1012 A natural person enjoys the right to name, and is entitled to determine, use, change, or allow others to use his name in accordance with law, provided that public order and good morals are not offended.
第一千零一十二条 自然人享有姓名权，有权依法决定、使用、变更或者许可他人使用自己的姓名，但是不得违背公序良俗。
Article 1013 A legal person or an unincorporated organization enjoys the right to entity name, and is entitled to decide, use, change, transfer, or allow others to use its entity name in accordance with the law.
第一千零一十三条 法人、非法人组织享有名称权，有权依法决定、使用、变更、转让或者许可他人使用自己的名称。
Article 1014 No organization or individual may infringe upon other’s rights to name or rights to entity name by means such as interference, misappropriation, impersonation, or the like.
第一千零一十四条 任何组织或者个人不得以干涉、盗用、假冒等方式侵害他人的姓名权或者名称权。
Article 1015 A natural person shall take the surname of either his father or mother, and may take a surname other than his father’s or mother’s in any of the following situations:
第一千零一十五条 自然人应当随父姓或者母姓，但是有下列情形之一的，可以在父姓和母姓之外选取姓氏：
(1) taking the surname of a senior lineal relative by blood;
（一）选取其他直系长辈血亲的姓氏；
(2) taking the surname of a foster parent, other than the legal care provider, who provides care thereto; and
（二）因由法定扶养人以外的人扶养而选取扶养人姓氏；
(3) taking a surname with other legitimate reasons that do not offend public order and good morals.
（三）有不违背公序良俗的其他正当理由。
Natural persons of ethnic minorities may take surnames in compliance with their cultural traditions and local customs.
少数民族自然人的姓氏可以遵从本民族的文化传统和风俗习惯。
Article 1016 A natural person who decides to take or change his name, or a legal person or an unincorporated organization who decides to take, change, or transfer its entity name, shall file registration with the relevant authorities in accordance with law, unless otherwise provided by law.
第一千零一十六条 自然人决定、变更姓名，或者法人、非法人组织决定、变更、转让名称的，应当依法向有关机关办理登记手续，但是法律另有规定的除外。
Upon changing the name or entity name by a person of the civil law, the civil juristic acts performed before the name change is legally binding on the person.
民事主体变更姓名、名称的，变更前实施的民事法律行为对其具有法律约束力。
Article 1017 With regard to a pseudonym, stage name, screen name, translated name, trade name, abbreviation of a name or entity name of a social popularity, where the use of which by others will suffice to cause public confusion, the relevant provisions on protection of the rights to name and the rights to entity name shall be applied mutatis mutandis.
第一千零一十七条 具有一定社会知名度，被他人使用足以造成公众混淆的笔名、艺名、网名、译名、字号、姓名和名称的简称等，参照适用姓名权和名称权保护的有关规定。
Chapter IV Rights to Likeness
第四章 肖 像 权
Article 1018 A natural person enjoys the right to likeness, and is entitled to make, use, publicize, or authorize others to use his image in accordance with law.
第一千零一十八条 自然人享有肖像权，有权依法制作、使用、公开或者许可他人使用自己的肖像。
The likeness is an external image of a specific natural person reflected in video recordings, sculptures, drawings, or on other media by which the person can be identified.
肖像是通过影像、雕塑、绘画等方式在一定载体上所反映的特定自然人可以被识别的外部形象。
Article 1019 No organization or individual may infringe upon other’s rights to likeness by vilifying or defacing the image thereof, or through other ways such as falsifying other’s image by utilizing information technology. Unless otherwise provided by law, no one may make, use, or publicize the image of the right holder without the latter’s consent.
第一千零一十九条 任何组织或者个人不得以丑化、污损，或者利用信息技术手段伪造等方式侵害他人的肖像权。未经肖像权人同意，不得制作、使用、公开肖像权人的肖像，但是法律另有规定的除外。
Without the consent of the person holding the right to likeness, a person holding a right in the works of the image of the former person shall not use or publicize the said image by ways such as publishing, duplicating, distributing, leasing, or exhibiting thereof.
未经肖像权人同意，肖像作品权利人不得以发表、复制、发行、出租、展览等方式使用或者公开肖像权人的肖像。
Article 1020 The following acts, if done in a reasonable way, may be performed without the consent of the person holding the right to likeness:
第一千零二十条 合理实施下列行为的，可以不经肖像权人同意：
(1) using publicly available images of the person holding the right to likeness to the extent necessary for personal study, art appreciation, classroom teaching, or scientific research;
（一）为个人学习、艺术欣赏、课堂教学或者科学研究，在必要范围内使用肖像权人已经公开的肖像；
(2) making, using, or publicizing the image of the person holding the right to likeness, which is inevitable for conducting news reporting;
（二）为实施新闻报道，不可避免地制作、使用、公开肖像权人的肖像；
(3) making, using, or publicizing the image of the person holding the right to likeness to the extent necessary for a State organ to perform its responsibilities in accordance with law;
（三）为依法履行职责，国家机关在必要范围内制作、使用、公开肖像权人的肖像；
(4) making, using, or publicizing the image of the person holding the right to likeness, which is inevitable for demonstrating a specific public environment;
（四）为展示特定公共环境，不可避免地制作、使用、公开肖像权人的肖像；
(5) performing other acts of making, using, or publicizing the image of the person holding the right to likeness for protecting the public interests and the lawful rights and interests of the said person.
（五）为维护公共利益或者肖像权人合法权益，制作、使用、公开肖像权人的肖像的其他行为。
Article 1021 Where the parties have a dispute on a clause relating to the use of an image in a contract authorizing the use of the image, interpretations shall be made in favor of the person holding the right to likeness over his image.
第一千零二十一条 当事人对肖像许可使用合同中关于肖像使用条款的理解有争议的，应当作出有利于肖像权人的解释。
Article 1022 Where the parties have not agreed on the term of authorized use of an image, or the agreement is unclear, either party may rescind the contract authorizing the use of the image at any time, provided that the other party shall be notified within a reasonable period of time.
第一千零二十二条 当事人对肖像许可使用期限没有约定或者约定不明确的，任何一方当事人可以随时解除肖像许可使用合同，但是应当在合理期限之前通知对方。
Where the parties have expressly agreed on the term of authorized use of the image, the person holding the right to likeness over the image may rescind the contract authorizing such use if with just cause, provided that the other party shall be notified within a reasonable period of time. Where rescission of the contract causes loss to the other party, unless the loss is caused by a reason not attributable to the person holding the right to likeness over the image, compensation shall be paid.
当事人对肖像许可使用期限有明确约定，肖像权人有正当理由的，可以解除肖像许可使用合同，但是应当在合理期限之前通知对方。因解除合同造成对方损失的，除不可归责于肖像权人的事由外，应当赔偿损失。
Article 1023 For an authorized use of another person’s name or the like, the relevant provisions on the authorized use of other’s images shall be applied mutatis mutandis.
第一千零二十三条 对姓名等的许可使用，参照适用肖像许可使用的有关规定。
For the protection of a natural person’s voice, the relevant provisions on the protection of the right to likeness shall be applied mutatis mutandis.
对自然人声音的保护，参照适用肖像权保护的有关规定。
Chapter V Rights to Reputation and Rights to Honor
第五章 名誉权和荣誉权
Article 1024 A person of the civil law enjoys the right to reputation. No organization or individual may infringe upon other’s right to reputation by insultation, defamation, or the like.
第一千零二十四条 民事主体享有名誉权。任何组织或者个人不得以侮辱、诽谤等方式侵害他人的名誉权。
Reputation is a social evaluation of the moral character, prestige, talent, and credit of a person of the civil law.
名誉是对民事主体的品德、声望、才能、信用等的社会评价。
Article 1025 A person whose act, such as reporting news or supervising public opinions or the like for public interest purposes, adversely affects the other’s reputation shall not bear civil liability except where one of the following situations exists:
第一千零二十五条 行为人为公共利益实施新闻报道、舆论监督等行为，影响他人名誉的，不承担民事责任，但是有下列情形之一的除外：
(1) he has fabricated or distorted the facts;
（一）捏造、歪曲事实；
(2) he has failed to fulfill the obligation to reasonably verify the seriously misrepresentative information provided by others; or
（二）对他人提供的严重失实内容未尽到合理核实义务；
(3) he has used insulting words and the like to degrade the other’s reputation.
（三）使用侮辱性言辞等贬损他人名誉。
Article 1026 To determine whether an actor has fulfilled the obligation to reasonably verify the information as provided in Subparagraph 2 of the preceding Article, the following factors shall be considered:
第一千零二十六条 认定行为人是否尽到前条第二项规定的合理核实义务，应当考虑下列因素：
(1) the credibility of the source of the information;
（一）内容来源的可信度；
(2) whether the information that is clearly controversial has been fully investigated;
（二）对明显可能引发争议的内容是否进行了必要的调查；
(3) the timeliness of the information;
（三）内容的时限性；
(4) the relevance of the information with public order and good morals;
（四）内容与公序良俗的关联性；
(5) the likelihood that the victim’s reputation would be degraded; and
（五）受害人名誉受贬损的可能性；
(6) his ability to verify and the cost for the verification of the information.
（六）核实能力和核实成本。
Article 1027 Where a literary or artistic work published by an actor depicts real people and real events or a specific person, with insulting or defamatory content and thus infringes upon another persons’s right to reputation, the person whose right is infringed upon has the right to request the actor to bear civil liability in accordance with law.
第一千零二十七条 行为人发表的文学、艺术作品以真人真事或者特定人为描述对象，含有侮辱、诽谤内容，侵害他人名誉权的，受害人有权依法请求该行为人承担民事责任。
Where a literary or artistic work published by an actor does not depict a specific person, but only some patterns of the story are similar to the situation of such person, the actor shall not bear civil liability.
行为人发表的文学、艺术作品不以特定人为描述对象，仅其中的情节与该特定人的情况相似的，不承担民事责任。
Article 1028 Where a person of the civil law has evidence to prove that the content reported by a media, such as a newspaper, a periodical, or an online website, is inaccurate and thus infringes upon his reputation, he has the right to request the media to take necessary measures including making correction of or deleting the content in a timely manner.
第一千零二十八条 民事主体有证据证明报刊、网络等媒体报道的内容失实，侵害其名誉权的，有权请求该媒体及时采取更正或者删除等必要措施。
Article 1029 A person of the civil law may check his own credit report in accordance with law, and has the right to raise an objection and request correction, deletion, or other necessary measures to be taken where he discovers that the credit report is incorrect. The evaluators of his credit standing shall examine the report and take necessary measures in a timely manner if it is verified to be false.
第一千零二十九条 民事主体可以依法查询自己的信用评价；发现信用评价不当的，有权提出异议并请求采取更正、删除等必要措施。信用评价人应当及时核查，经核查属实的，应当及时采取必要措施。
Article 1030 The provisions of this Book on the protection of personal information and the relevant provisions of other laws and administrative regulations shall be applied to the relationship between persons of the civil law and the credit information processors such as a credit reporting agency.
第一千零三十条 民事主体与征信机构等信用信息处理者之间的关系，适用本编有关个人信息保护的规定和其他法律、行政法规的有关规定。
Article 1031 A person of the civil law enjoys the right to honor. No organization or individual may unlawfully deprive others of their honorary titles or defame or degrade the honors thereof.
第一千零三十一条 民事主体享有荣誉权。任何组织或者个人不得非法剥夺他人的荣誉称号，不得诋毁、贬损他人的荣誉。
Where an awarded honorary title of a person of the civil law should have been recorded, the person may request that it be so recorded. Where such an awarded honorary title is incorrectly recorded, the person may request that it be corrected.
获得的荣誉称号应当记载而没有记载的，民事主体可以请求记载；获得的荣誉称号记载错误的，民事主体可以请求更正。
Chapter VI Rights to Privacy and Protection of Personal Information
第六章 隐私权和个人信息保护
Article 1032 A natural person enjoys the right to privacy. No organization or individual may infringe upon the other’s right to privacy by prying into, intruding upon, disclosing, or publicizing other’s private matters.
第一千零三十二条 自然人享有隐私权。任何组织或者个人不得以刺探、侵扰、泄露、公开等方式侵害他人的隐私权。
Privacy is the undisturbed private life of a natural person and his private space, private activities, and private information that he does not want to be known to others .
隐私是自然人的私人生活安宁和不愿为他人知晓的私密空间、私密活动、私密信息。
Article 1033 Unless otherwise provided by law or expressly consented to by the right holder, no organization or individual shall do the following acts:
第一千零三十三条 除法律另有规定或者权利人明确同意外，任何组织或者个人不得实施下列行为：
(1) intruding upon another person’s private life through making phone calls, sending text messages, using instant messaging tools, sending emails and flyers, and the like means;
（一）以电话、短信、即时通讯工具、电子邮件、传单等方式侵扰他人的私人生活安宁；
(2) entering into, taking photographs of, or peeping into other’s private spaces such as the residence or hotel room of another person;
（二）进入、拍摄、窥视他人的住宅、宾馆房间等私密空间；
(3) taking photographs of, peeping into, eavesdropping, or disclosing the private activities of another person;
（三）拍摄、窥视、窃听、公开他人的私密活动；
(4) taking photographs of or peeping at the private parts of another person’s body;
（四）拍摄、窥视他人身体的私密部位；
(5) processing another person’s private information; and
（五）处理他人的私密信息；
(6) infringing upon another person’s privacy through other means.
（六）以其他方式侵害他人的隐私权。
Article 1034 A natural person’s personal information is protected by law.
第一千零三十四条 自然人的个人信息受法律保护。
Personal information is the information recorded electronically or in other ways that can be used, by itself or in combination with other information, to identify a natural person, including the name, date of birth, identification number, biometric information, residential address, telephone number, email address, health information, whereabouts, and the like, of the person.
个人信息是以电子或者其他方式记录的能够单独或者与其他信息结合识别特定自然人的各种信息，包括自然人的姓名、出生日期、身份证件号码、生物识别信息、住址、电话号码、电子邮箱、健康信息、行踪信息等。
The provisions on the right to privacy, or, in the absence of which, the provisions on the protection of personal information, shall be applied to the private personal information.
个人信息中的私密信息，适用有关隐私权的规定；没有规定的，适用有关个人信息保护的规定。
Article 1035 The processing of personal information shall be in compliance with the principles of lawfulness, justification, and within a necessary limit, and shall not be excessively processed; meanwhile, the following conditions shall be satisfied;
第一千零三十五条 处理个人信息的，应当遵循合法、正当、必要原则，不得过度处理，并符合下列条件：
(1) consent has been obtained from the natural person or his guardian, unless otherwise provided by laws or administrative regulations;
（一）征得该自然人或者其监护人同意，但是法律、行政法规另有规定的除外；
(2) the rules for processing information are publicized;
（二）公开处理信息的规则；
(3) the purpose, method, and scope of the information processing are clearly indicated; and
（三）明示处理信息的目的、方式和范围；
(4) it is not in violation of laws or administrative regulations or against the agreement of both parties.
（四）不违反法律、行政法规的规定和双方的约定。
The processing of personal information includes the collection, storage, use, refinement, transmission, provision, disclosure, and the like, of the personal information.
个人信息的处理包括个人信息的收集、存储、使用、加工、传输、提供、公开等。
Article 1036 When processing personal information, an actor shall not bear civil liability in any of the following situations:
第一千零三十六条 处理个人信息，有下列情形之一的，行为人不承担民事责任：
(1) the actor reasonably performs the act to the extent that the natural person or his guardian consents to;
（一）在该自然人或者其监护人同意的范围内合理实施的行为；
(2) the actor reasonably processes the information disclosed by the natural person himself or the other information that has already been legally disclosed, unless the said person explicitly refuses or the processing of the information infringes upon a significant interest of the person; and
（二）合理处理该自然人自行公开的或者其他已经合法公开的信息，但是该自然人明确拒绝或者处理该信息侵害其重大利益的除外；
(3) the actor reasonably performs the other acts to protect the public interest or the lawful rights and interests of the person.
（三）为维护公共利益或者该自然人合法权益，合理实施的其他行为。
Article 1037 A natural person may retrieve or make copies of his personal information from the information processers in accordance with law. Where the person discovers that the information is incorrect, he has the right to raise an objection and request corrections or other necessary measures to be taken in a timely manner.
第一千零三十七条 自然人可以依法向信息处理者查阅或者复制其个人信息；发现信息有错误的，有权提出异议并请求及时采取更正等必要措施。
Where a natural person discovers that an information processer has violated the provisions of laws or administrative regulations, or breached the agreement between both parties while processing his personal information, he has the right to request the information processor to delete it in a timely manner.
自然人发现信息处理者违反法律、行政法规的规定或者双方的约定处理其个人信息的，有权请求信息处理者及时删除。
Article 1038 An information processor shall not disclose or tamper with the personal information he collects and stores, and shall not illegally provide to others the personal information of a natural person without the latter’s consent, unless the information, after being processed, cannot be used to identify any specific individual and cannot be restored to its original status.
第一千零三十八条 信息处理者不得泄露或者篡改其收集、存储的个人信息；未经自然人同意，不得向他人非法提供其个人信息，但是经过加工无法识别特定个人且不能复原的除外。
An information processor shall take technical measures and other necessary measures to ensure the security of the personal information he collects and stores, and prevent the information from being leaked, tampered with, or lost. Where a person’s personal information has been or is likely to be leaked, tampered with, or lost, he shall take remedial measures in a timely manner, notify the natural persons concerned in accordance with the regulations, and report to the relevant competent authorities.
信息处理者应当采取技术措施和其他必要措施，确保其收集、存储的个人信息安全，防止信息泄露、篡改、丢失；发生或者可能发生个人信息泄露、篡改、丢失的，应当及时采取补救措施，按照规定告知自然人并向有关主管部门报告。
Article 1039 State organs and the chartered institutions assuming administrative functions as well as their staff shall keep confidential the privacy and the personal information of natural persons known to them during the performance of their responsibilities, and shall not disclose or illegally provide it to others.
第一千零三十九条 国家机关、承担行政职能的法定机构及其工作人员对于履行职责过程中知悉的自然人的隐私和个人信息，应当予以保密，不得泄露或者向他人非法提供。