Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China
中华人民共和国民法典
(Adopted at the Third Session of the Thirteenth National People’s Congress on May 28, 2020)
（2020年5月28日第十三届全国人民代表大会第三次会议通过）
Book Seven Tort Liability
第七编 侵权责任
Chapter I General Rules
第一章 一般规定
Article 1164 This Book regulates the civil-law relations arising from the infringement of the civil-law rights and interests.
第一千一百六十四条 本编调整因侵害民事权益产生的民事关系。
Article 1165 An actor who through his fault infringes upon another person’s civil-law rights and interests shall bear tort liability.
第一千一百六十五条 行为人因过错侵害他人民事权益造成损害的，应当承担侵权责任。
Where an actor is presumed to be at fault according to the provisions of law and is unable to prove that he is not at fault, the actor shall bear tort liability.
依照法律规定推定行为人有过错，其不能证明自己没有过错的，应当承担侵权责任。
Article 1166 Where an actor harms the civil-law rights and interests of another person, if the law provides that tort liability shall be borne by such an actor disregarding whether or not the actor is at fault, such provisions shall be followed.
第一千一百六十六条 行为人造成他人民事权益损害，不论行为人有无过错，法律规定应当承担侵权责任的，依照其规定。
Article 1167 Where a tortious act endangers another person’s personal or property safety, the infringed person has the right to request the tortfeasor to bear tort liability such as cessation of the infringement, removal of the nuisance, or elimination of the danger.
第一千一百六十七条 侵权行为危及他人人身、财产安全的，被侵权人有权请求侵权人承担停止侵害、排除妨碍、消除危险等侵权责任。
Article 1168 Where two or more persons jointly commit a tortious act causing damage to another person, they shall bear joint and several liability.
第一千一百六十八条 二人以上共同实施侵权行为，造成他人损害的，应当承担连带责任。
Article 1169 A person who aids or abets an actor in the commission of a tortious act shall assume joint and several liability with the actor.
第一千一百六十九条 教唆、帮助他人实施侵权行为的，应当与行为人承担连带责任。
A person who aids or abets an actor with no or limited capacity for performing performing civil juristic acts in the commission of a tortious act shall assume tort liability. The guardian of the actor with no or limited capacity for performing civil juristic acts shall assume corresponding liability where he fails to fulfill the duties of a guardian.
教唆、帮助无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人实施侵权行为的，应当承担侵权责任；该无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人的监护人未尽到监护职责的，应当承担相应的责任。
Article 1170 Where two or more persons commit an act that endangers another person’s personal or property safety and the damage is caused only by one or several of them, if the specific tortfeasor(s) can be identified, the tortfeasor(s) shall bear liability, and if the specific tortfeasor(s) cannot be identified, all of the actors shall assume joint and several liability.
第一千一百七十条 二人以上实施危及他人人身、财产安全的行为，其中一人或者数人的行为造成他人损害，能够确定具体侵权人的，由侵权人承担责任；不能确定具体侵权人的，行为人承担连带责任。
Article 1171 Where the tortious acts committed by two or more persons respectively cause the same damage to another person, and each act is sufficient to cause the entire damage independently, the actors shall assume joint and several liability.
第一千一百七十一条 二人以上分别实施侵权行为造成同一损害，每个人的侵权行为都足以造成全部损害的，行为人承担连带责任。
Article 1172 Where the tortious acts committed by two or more persons respectively cause the same damage to another person, each of them shall bear the liability in proportion to their respective share of fault if it can be determined, or in equal share if it cannot be determined.
第一千一百七十二条 二人以上分别实施侵权行为造成同一损害，能够确定责任大小的，各自承担相应的责任；难以确定责任大小的，平均承担责任。
Article 1173 Where an infringed person is also at fault for the occurrence or aggravation of the same damage to himself, the liability of the tortfeasor may be mitigated.
第一千一百七十三条 被侵权人对同一损害的发生或者扩大有过错的，可以减轻侵权人的责任。
Article 1174 An actor shall not assume liability for any damage intentionally caused by the victim.
第一千一百七十四条 损害是因受害人故意造成的，行为人不承担责任。
Article 1175 Where a damage is caused by a third person, the third person shall bear tort liability.
第一千一百七十五条 损害是因第三人造成的，第三人应当承担侵权责任。
Article 1176 Where a person voluntarily participates in a recreational or sports activity with certain inherent risks and thus suffers damage due to another participant’s act, he may not request the other participant to bear tort liability unless the damage is caused by the latter’s intentional act or by his gross negligence.
第一千一百七十六条 自愿参加具有一定风险的文体活动，因其他参加者的行为受到损害的，受害人不得请求其他参加者承担侵权责任；但是，其他参加者对损害的发生有故意或者重大过失的除外。
The liability of an organizer of the activity shall be governed by the provisions of Articles 1198 through 1201 of this Code.
活动组织者的责任适用本法第一千一百九十八条至第一千二百零一条的规定。
Article 1177 Where a person’s lawful rights and interests are infringed upon and he may suffer irreparable harm if actions are not immediately taken because the situation is urgent and no protection from the State organ is immediately available, he may take reasonable measures such as seizing the property of the tortfeasor to the extent necessary for protecting his lawful rights and interests, provided that he shall immediately thereafter request the relevant State organ to handle it.
第一千一百七十七条 合法权益受到侵害，情况紧迫且不能及时获得国家机关保护，不立即采取措施将使其合法权益受到难以弥补的损害的，受害人可以在保护自己合法权益的必要范围内采取扣留侵权人的财物等合理措施；但是，应当立即请求有关国家机关处理。
A victim who has taken an improper measure so that damage is caused to another person shall bear tort liability.
受害人采取的措施不当造成他人损害的，应当承担侵权责任。
Article 1178 Where this Code or other laws provide otherwise on the circumstances under which an actor bears no or mitigated liability, such provisions shall be followed.
第一千一百七十八条 本法和其他法律对不承担责任或者减轻责任的情形另有规定的，依照其规定。
Chapter II Damages
第二章 损害赔偿
Article 1179 Where a person suffers personal injury as a result of an infringement by another person, compensation shall be made for medical expenses, nursing expenses, transportation expenses, nutrition expenses, food allowances for hospitalization, and other reasonable expenses for treatment and rehabilitation, as well as lost earnings due to missed work. Where a person is disabled as a result of an infringement by another person, compensation shall also include the costs of auxiliary equipment and disability compensation. Where a person dies as a result of an infringement by another person, compensation shall also include his funeral expenses and death compensation.
第一千一百七十九条 侵害他人造成人身损害的，应当赔偿医疗费、护理费、交通费、营养费、住院伙食补助费等为治疗和康复支出的合理费用，以及因误工减少的收入。造成残疾的，还应当赔偿辅助器具费和残疾赔偿金；造成死亡的，还应当赔偿丧葬费和死亡赔偿金。
Article 1180 Where the same tortious act causes multiple deaths, the same amount of death compensation may be applied to all of them.
第一千一百八十条 因同一侵权行为造成多人死亡的，可以以相同数额确定死亡赔偿金。
Article 1181 Where an infringed person dies, his close relatives have the right to request the tortfeasor to bear tort liability. Where the infringed is an organization and the organization is thereafter split into or merged with other organization(s), the organization succeeding to the right thereof is entitled to request the tortfeasor to bear tort liability.
第一千一百八十一条 被侵权人死亡的，其近亲属有权请求侵权人承担侵权责任。被侵权人为组织，该组织分立、合并的，承继权利的组织有权请求侵权人承担侵权责任。
Where an infringed person dies, the person who has paid for his medical expenses, funeral expenses, and other reasonable expenses has the right to request the tortfeasor to compensate the expenses, except for those expenses already paid by the tortfeasor.
被侵权人死亡的，支付被侵权人医疗费、丧葬费等合理费用的人有权请求侵权人赔偿费用，但是侵权人已经支付该费用的除外。
Article 1182 Where an infringement upon the personal rights and interests of a person causes property damage thereto, compensation shall be made according to the damage suffered by the infringed person or the interests gained by the tortfeasor. Where it is difficult to determine the damage suffered by the infringed person and the interests gained by the tortfeasor, and where the infringed person and the tortfeasor cannot agree on the amount of compensation and thus bring a lawsuit with the people’s court, the people’s court shall determine the amount of compensation according to the actual situation.
第一千一百八十二条 侵害他人人身权益造成财产损失的，按照被侵权人因此受到的损失或者侵权人因此获得的利益赔偿；被侵权人因此受到的损失以及侵权人因此获得的利益难以确定，被侵权人和侵权人就赔偿数额协商不一致，向人民法院提起诉讼的，由人民法院根据实际情况确定赔偿数额。
Article 1183 Where an infringement upon the personal rights and interests of a natural person causes serious mental distress thereto, the infringed person has the right to request compensation for pains and suffering.
第一千一百八十三条 侵害自然人人身权益造成严重精神损害的，被侵权人有权请求精神损害赔偿。
Where, owing to an actor’s intentional or grossly negligent act, an object of personal significance of a natural person is infringed upon, which causes serious mental distress to the person, the infringed person has the right to request compensation for pains and suffering.
因故意或者重大过失侵害自然人具有人身意义的特定物造成严重精神损害的，被侵权人有权请求精神损害赔偿。
Article 1184 In case of an infringement upon another person’s property, property damage shall be calculated according to the market price at the time the damage occurs or by other reasonable methods.
第一千一百八十四条 侵害他人财产的，财产损失按照损失发生时的市场价格或者其他合理方式计算。
Article 1185 In case of an intentional infringement of another person’s intellectual property rights, where the circumstances are serious, the infringed person has the right to request for corresponding punitive damages.
第一千一百八十五条 故意侵害他人知识产权，情节严重的，被侵权人有权请求相应的惩罚性赔偿。
Article 1186 Where neither the victim nor the actor is at fault for the occurrence of the damage, losses shall be shared by both parties in accordance with the provisions of law.
第一千一百八十六条 受害人和行为人对损害的发生都没有过错的，依照法律的规定由双方分担损失。
Article 1187 After damage has been caused, the parties may negotiate the method of payment of the compensation. Where they fail to reach an agreement, compensation shall be paid in a lump sum, or may be paid in installments where it is truly difficult for the tortfeasor to make a lump-sum payment, provided that the infringed person has the right to request the tortfeasor to provide a corresponding bond.
第一千一百八十七条 损害发生后，当事人可以协商赔偿费用的支付方式。协商不一致的，赔偿费用应当一次性支付；一次性支付确有困难的，可以分期支付，但是被侵权人有权请求提供相应的担保。
Chapter III Special Provisions on Assumption of Liability
第三章 责任主体的特殊规定
Article 1188 Where a person with no or limited capacity for performing civil juristic acts causes damage to another person, the guardian of the said person shall assume tort liability. The guardian’s tort liability may be mitigated if the guardian has fulfilled his duty of guardianship.
第一千一百八十八条 无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人造成他人损害的，由监护人承担侵权责任。监护人尽到监护职责的，可以减轻其侵权责任。
Where a person, who has assets but has no or limited capacity for performing civil juristic acts, causes damage to another person, compensation shall be paid out of his own assets and any deficiency shall be satisfied by the guardian.
有财产的无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人造成他人损害的，从本人财产中支付赔偿费用；不足部分，由监护人赔偿。
Article 1189 Where a person with no or limited capacity for performing civil juristic acts causes damage to another person and his guardian has delegated the duty of guardianship to someone else, the guardian shall assume tort liability, and the delegated person who is at fault shall assume corresponding liability.
第一千一百八十九条 无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人造成他人损害，监护人将监护职责委托给他人的，监护人应当承担侵权责任；受托人有过错的，承担相应的责任。
Article 1190 Where a person with full capacity for performing civil juristic acts is at fault for causing damage to another person due to temporary loss of consciousness or loss of control, he shall bear tort liability. Where he is not at fault, he shall make appropriate compensation to the victim according to his financial situation.
第一千一百九十条 完全民事行为能力人对自己的行为暂时没有意识或者失去控制造成他人损害有过错的，应当承担侵权责任；没有过错的，根据行为人的经济状况对受害人适当补偿。
Where a person with full capacity for performing civil juristic acts causes damage to another person due to temporary loss of consciousness or loss of control as a result of intoxication or abuse of narcotic or psychotropic drugs, he shall bear tort liability.
完全民事行为能力人因醉酒、滥用麻醉药品或者精神药品对自己的行为暂时没有意识或者失去控制造成他人损害的，应当承担侵权责任。
Article 1191 Where an employee causes damage to another person in connection with the performance of his work, his employer shall assume tort liability. The employer may, after assuming the tort liability, claim indemnification against the employee who acts intentionally or with gross negligence.
第一千一百九十一条 用人单位的工作人员因执行工作任务造成他人损害的，由用人单位承担侵权责任。用人单位承担侵权责任后，可以向有故意或者重大过失的工作人员追偿。
Where, during the period of labor dispatch, a dispatched employee causes damage to another person in connection with the performance of his work, the employer receiving the dispatched employee shall assume tort liability. The employer dispatching the employee who is at fault shall assume corresponding liability.
劳务派遣期间，被派遣的工作人员因执行工作任务造成他人损害的，由接受劳务派遣的用工单位承担侵权责任；劳务派遣单位有过错的，承担相应的责任。
Article 1192 Where, in a labor relationship formed between individuals, the party providing labor services causes damage to another person in connection with the labor services, the party receiving labor services shall assume tort liability. The service-receiving party may, after assuming the tort liability, claim indemnification against the service-providing party who acts intentionally or with gross negligence. Where the service-providing party suffers damage in connection with the labor services, both parties shall assume corresponding liabilities according to their respective faults.
第一千一百九十二条 个人之间形成劳务关系，提供劳务一方因劳务造成他人损害的，由接受劳务一方承担侵权责任。接受劳务一方承担侵权责任后，可以向有故意或者重大过失的提供劳务一方追偿。提供劳务一方因劳务受到损害的，根据双方各自的过错承担相应的责任。
Where an act of a third person causes damage to the service-providing party when such services are provided, the service-providing party has the right to request the third person to bear tort liability, or to request the service-receiving party to make compensation. The service-receiving party may, after making the compensation, claim indemnification against the third person.
提供劳务期间，因第三人的行为造成提供劳务一方损害的，提供劳务一方有权请求第三人承担侵权责任，也有权请求接受劳务一方给予补偿。接受劳务一方补偿后，可以向第三人追偿。
Article 1193 Where a contractor causes damage to a third person or to himself while completing the contracted work, the ordering party shall not assume tort liability, provided that the ordering party shall assume corresponding liability where he is at fault in placing the order, making the instructions, or selecting the contractor.
第一千一百九十三条 承揽人在完成工作过程中造成第三人损害或者自己损害的，定作人不承担侵权责任。但是，定作人对定作、指示或者选任有过错的，应当承担相应的责任。
Article 1194 Network users and network service providers who, through the network, infringes upon the civil-law rights and interests of another person shall bear tort liability, unless otherwise provided by law.
第一千一百九十四条 网络用户、网络服务提供者利用网络侵害他人民事权益的，应当承担侵权责任。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。
Article 1195 Where a network user commits a tortious act through using the network service, the right holder is entitled to notify the network service provider to take such necessary measures as deletion, block, or disconnection. The notice shall include the preliminary evidence establishing the tort and the real identity information of the right holder.
第一千一百九十五条 网络用户利用网络服务实施侵权行为的，权利人有权通知网络服务提供者采取删除、屏蔽、断开链接等必要措施。通知应当包括构成侵权的初步证据及权利人的真实身份信息。
After receiving the notice, the network service provider shall timely forward the notice to the relevant network user and take necessary measures based on the preliminary evidence establishing the tort and the type of service complained about. Where it fails to take necessary measures in time, it shall assume joint and several liability for the aggravated part of the damage with the network user.
网络服务提供者接到通知后，应当及时将该通知转送相关网络用户，并根据构成侵权的初步证据和服务类型采取必要措施；未及时采取必要措施的，对损害的扩大部分与该网络用户承担连带责任。
The right holder who causes damage to the network user or network service provider due to erroneous notification shall bear tort liability, unless otherwise provided by law.
权利人因错误通知造成网络用户或者网络服务提供者损害的，应当承担侵权责任。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。
Article 1196 After receiving the forwarded notice, the network user may submit a declaration of non-infringement to the network service provider, which shall include the preliminary evidence of non-infringement and the real identity information of the network user.
第一千一百九十六条 网络用户接到转送的通知后，可以向网络服务提供者提交不存在侵权行为的声明。声明应当包括不存在侵权行为的初步证据及网络用户的真实身份信息。
After receiving the declaration, the network service provider shall forward it to the right holder who issued the notice, and inform him that he may file a complaint to the relevant department or a lawsuit with the people’s court. The network service provider shall timely terminate the measures taken where, within a reasonable period of time after the forwarded declaration reaches the right holder, it fails to receive notice that the right holder has filed a complaint or a lawsuit.
网络服务提供者接到声明后，应当将该声明转送发出通知的权利人，并告知其可以向有关部门投诉或者向人民法院提起诉讼。网络服务提供者在转送声明到达权利人后的合理期限内，未收到权利人已经投诉或者提起诉讼通知的，应当及时终止所采取的措施。
Article 1197 A network service provider who knows or should have known that a network user has infringed upon the civil-law rights and interests of another person by using its network services but fails to take necessary measures, shall assume joint and several liability with the network user.
第一千一百九十七条 网络服务提供者知道或者应当知道网络用户利用其网络服务侵害他人民事权益，未采取必要措施的，与该网络用户承担连带责任。
Article 1198 The operators or managers of business or public premises such as hotels, shopping malls, banks, bus or train stations, airports, stadiums, and places of entertainment, or the organizers of mass activities shall bear tort liability where they fail to fulfill the duty of maintaining safety and thus cause damage to another person.
第一千一百九十八条 宾馆、商场、银行、车站、机场、体育场馆、娱乐场所等经营场所、公共场所的经营者、管理者或者群众性活动的组织者，未尽到安全保障义务，造成他人损害的，应当承担侵权责任。
Where the damage to another person is caused by a third person, the third person shall bear tort liability, and the operator, manager, or organizer who fails to fulfill the duty of maintaining safety shall assume the corresponding supplementary liability. After assuming the supplementary liability, the operator, manager, or organizer may claim indemnification against the third person.
因第三人的行为造成他人损害的，由第三人承担侵权责任；经营者、管理者或者组织者未尽到安全保障义务的，承担相应的补充责任。经营者、管理者或者组织者承担补充责任后，可以向第三人追偿。
Article 1199 Where a person with no capacity for performing civil juristic acts suffers personal injury while studying or living in a kindergarten, school, or any other educational institution, the said kindergarten, school, or educational institution shall assume tort liability; provided that the kindergarten, school, or educational institution shall not assume tort liability if it can prove that it has fulfilled its responsibilities in education and management.
第一千一百九十九条 无民事行为能力人在幼儿园、学校或者其他教育机构学习、生活期间受到人身损害的，幼儿园、学校或者其他教育机构应当承担侵权责任；但是，能够证明尽到教育、管理职责的，不承担侵权责任。
Article 1200 Where a person with limited capacity for performing civil juristic acts suffers personal injury while studying or living in a school or any other educational institution, the school or educational institution shall assume tort liability if it fails to fulfill its responsibilities in education and management.
第一千二百条 限制民事行为能力人在学校或者其他教育机构学习、生活期间受到人身损害，学校或者其他教育机构未尽到教育、管理职责的，应当承担侵权责任。
Article 1201 Where a person with no or limited capacity for performing civil juristic acts, while studying or living in a kindergarten, school, or any other educational institution, suffers personal injury caused by a third person other than the kindergarten, school, or the educational institution, the third person shall bear tort liability, and the kindergarten, school, or the educational institution shall assume the corresponding supplementary liability if it fails to fulfill its responsibilities in management. After assuming the supplementary liability, the kindergarten, school, or the educational institution may claim indemnification against the third person.
第一千二百零一条 无民事行为能力人或者限制民事行为能力人在幼儿园、学校或者其他教育机构学习、生活期间，受到幼儿园、学校或者其他教育机构以外的第三人人身损害的，由第三人承担侵权责任；幼儿园、学校或者其他教育机构未尽到管理职责的，承担相应的补充责任。幼儿园、学校或者其他教育机构承担补充责任后，可以向第三人追偿。
Chapter IV Product Liability
第四章 产品责任
Article 1202 Where a defect of a product causes damage to another person, the manufacturer shall bear tort liability.
第一千二百零二条 因产品存在缺陷造成他人损害的，生产者应当承担侵权责任。
Article 1203 Where a defect of a product causes damage to another person, the infringed person may claim compensation against the manufacturer or the seller of the product.
第一千二百零三条 因产品存在缺陷造成他人损害的，被侵权人可以向产品的生产者请求赔偿，也可以向产品的销售者请求赔偿。
Where a defect is caused by the manufacturer, the seller who has paid compensation has the right to indemnification against the manufacturer. Where a defect is caused by the fault of the seller, the manufacturer who has paid compensation has the right to indemnification against the seller.
产品缺陷由生产者造成的，销售者赔偿后，有权向生产者追偿。因销售者的过错使产品存在缺陷的，生产者赔偿后，有权向销售者追偿。
Article 1204 Where the damage is caused by a defect of a product due to the fault of a third person, such as a transporter or a warehouser, the manufacturer or seller of the product shall, after paying compensation, have the right to indemnification against the third person.
第一千二百零四条 因运输者、仓储者等第三人的过错使产品存在缺陷，造成他人损害的，产品的生产者、销售者赔偿后，有权向第三人追偿。
Article 1205 Where a defect of a product endangers the personal or property safety of another person, the infringed person has the right to request the manufacturer or seller to bear tort liability, such as in forms of cessation of the infringement, removal of the nuisance, or elimination of the danger.
第一千二百零五条 因产品缺陷危及他人人身、财产安全的，被侵权人有权请求生产者、销售者承担停止侵害、排除妨碍、消除危险等侵权责任。
Article 1206 Where a defect of a product is discovered after the product is put into circulation, the manufacturer or seller shall take remedial measures such as stopping sales, providing warnings, or recalling the product in a timely manner. The manufacturer or seller, who fails to take remedial measures in a timely manner or take ineffective measures so that the damage is aggravated, shall be liable also for the aggravated part of the damage.
第一千二百零六条 产品投入流通后发现存在缺陷的，生产者、销售者应当及时采取停止销售、警示、召回等补救措施；未及时采取补救措施或者补救措施不力造成损害扩大的，对扩大的损害也应当承担侵权责任。
Where a product is recalled in accordance with the preceding paragraph, the manufacturer or seller shall bear the necessary expenses incurred by the infringed person.
依据前款规定采取召回措施的，生产者、销售者应当负担被侵权人因此支出的必要费用。
Article 1207 Where a manufacturer or seller manufactures or sells a product knowing that the product is defective, or failing to take remedial measures in accordance with the provisions of the preceding Article, so that death or serious physical harm is caused to another person, the infringed person has the right to request for the corresponding punitive damages.
第一千二百零七条 明知产品存在缺陷仍然生产、销售，或者没有依据前条规定采取有效补救措施，造成他人死亡或者健康严重损害的，被侵权人有权请求相应的惩罚性赔偿。
Chapter V Liability for Motor Vehicle Accidents
第五章 机动车交通事故责任
Article 1208 Where a motor vehicle is involved in a traffic accident which causes damage, the liability for compensation shall be assumed in accordance with the relevant provisions of the laws on road traffic safety and this Code.
第一千二百零八条 机动车发生交通事故造成损害的，依照道路交通安全法律和本法的有关规定承担赔偿责任。
Article 1209 Where the owner, manager, or user of a motor vehicle are not the same person in leasing, borrowing, or the other like situations, and a traffic accident occurs and causes damage to another person, the user of the motor vehicle shall bear the liability for compensation where the liability is attributed to the motor vehicle driver, and the owner or manager of the vehicle who is at fault shall assume the corresponding liability for compensation.
第一千二百零九条 因租赁、借用等情形机动车所有人、管理人与使用人不是同一人时，发生交通事故造成损害，属于该机动车一方责任的，由机动车使用人承担赔偿责任；机动车所有人、管理人对损害的发生有过错的，承担相应的赔偿责任。
Article 1210 Where a party has transferred and delivered a motor vehicle by way of sale or other means but fails to file for registration, the transferee of the motor vehicle shall bear the liability for compensation if damage is caused as a result of a traffic accident and the liability is attributed to the motor vehicle driver.
第一千二百一十条 当事人之间已经以买卖或者其他方式转让并交付机动车但是未办理登记，发生交通事故造成损害，属于该机动车一方责任的，由受让人承担赔偿责任。
Article 1211 Where a person uses his motor vehicle in association with an entity to engage in the business of road transportation, if damage is caused as a result of a traffic accident and the liability is attributed to the motor vehicle driver, the person and the entity shall assume joint and several liability for compensation.
第一千二百一十一条 以挂靠形式从事道路运输经营活动的机动车，发生交通事故造成损害，属于该机动车一方责任的，由挂靠人和被挂靠人承担连带责任。
Article 1212 Where a person drives another person's motor vehicle without authorization, the user of the motor vehicle shall bear the liability for compensation if damage is caused as a result of a traffic accident and the liability is attributed to the motor vehicle driver; the owner or manager of the motor vehicle shall bear the liability for compensation if he has fault which contributes to the damage, unless otherwise provided in this Chapter.
第一千二百一十二条 未经允许驾驶他人机动车，发生交通事故造成损害，属于该机动车一方责任的，由机动车使用人承担赔偿责任；机动车所有人、管理人对损害的发生有过错的，承担相应的赔偿责任，但是本章另有规定的除外。
Article 1213 Where damage is caused to another person as a result of a traffic accident and the liability is attributed to the motor vehicle driver, the insurer that underwrites the compulsory motor vehicle insurance shall make compensation within the limit of the insured liability. The deficiencies shall be paid by the insurer that underwrites the commercial motor vehicle insurance in accordance with the stipulations of the insurance contract. Any remaining balance or the part not covered by any commercial motor vehicle insurance shall be paid by the tortfeasor.
第一千二百一十三条 机动车发生交通事故造成损害，属于该机动车一方责任的，先由承保机动车强制保险的保险人在强制保险责任限额范围内予以赔偿；不足部分，由承保机动车商业保险的保险人按照保险合同的约定予以赔偿；仍然不足或者没有投保机动车商业保险的，由侵权人赔偿。
Article 1214 Where damage is caused as a result of a traffic accident involving a motor vehicle that has been illegally assembled or has reached the end-of-life standard which is transferred by way of sale or by other means, the transferor and the transferee shall assume joint and several liability.
第一千二百一十四条 以买卖或者其他方式转让拼装或者已经达到报废标准的机动车，发生交通事故造成损害的，由转让人和受让人承担连带责任。
Article 1215 Where damage is caused as a result of a traffic accident involving a motor vehicle that has been stolen, robbed, or snatched, the thief, robber, or snatcher shall bear the liability for compensation. Where the aforementioned motor vehicle is used by a person other than the thief, robber, or snatcher and causes damage in a traffic accident, if the liability is attributed to the motor vehicle driver, the thief, robber, or snatcher shall assume joint and several liability with the user.
第一千二百一十五条 盗窃、抢劫或者抢夺的机动车发生交通事故造成损害的，由盗窃人、抢劫人或者抢夺人承担赔偿责任。盗窃人、抢劫人或者抢夺人与机动车使用人不是同一人，发生交通事故造成损害，属于该机动车一方责任的，由盗窃人、抢劫人或者抢夺人与机动车使用人承担连带责任。
Where an insurer pays the expenses for rescue within the limits of the compulsory insurance liability for motor vehicles, it has the right to indemnification against the person who is liable for the traffic accident.
保险人在机动车强制保险责任限额范围内垫付抢救费用的，有权向交通事故责任人追偿。
Article 1216 Where a driver of a motor vehicle hits and runs after a traffic accident, if the motor vehicle is insured by a compulsory insurance, compensation shall be paid by the insurer within the limit of the insured liability. Where the motor vehicle cannot be located, is not covered by the compulsory insurance, or the rescue expenses exceed the limit of liability of the compulsory motor vehicle insurance, and payment needs to be made against the rescue, funeral, and other expenses incurred as a result of the death or bodily injury of the infringed person, such payment shall be paid from the Social Assistance Fund for Road Traffic Accidents. After the Social Assistance Fund for Road Traffic Accidents makes the payment, its administrative agency has the right to indemnification against the person who is liable for the traffic accident.
第一千二百一十六条 机动车驾驶人发生交通事故后逃逸，该机动车参加强制保险的，由保险人在机动车强制保险责任限额范围内予以赔偿；机动车不明、该机动车未参加强制保险或者抢救费用超过机动车强制保险责任限额，需要支付被侵权人人身伤亡的抢救、丧葬等费用的，由道路交通事故社会救助基金垫付。道路交通事故社会救助基金垫付后，其管理机构有权向交通事故责任人追偿。
Article 1217 Where a motor vehicle not engaged in operation of business causes damage in a traffic accident to a guest passenger who is on the ride for free, if the liability is attributed to the motor vehicle driver, the liability of the user of the motor vehicle for compensation shall be mitigated unless he acts intentionally or with gross negligence.
第一千二百一十七条 非营运机动车发生交通事故造成无偿搭乘人损害，属于该机动车一方责任的，应当减轻其赔偿责任，但是机动车使用人有故意或者重大过失的除外。
Chapter VI Liability for Medical Malpractice
第六章 医疗损害责任
Article 1218 Where a patient suffers damage during diagnosis and treatment, and the medical institution or its medical staff is at fault, the medical institution shall assume the liability for compensation.
第一千二百一十八条 患者在诊疗活动中受到损害，医疗机构或者其医务人员有过错的，由医疗机构承担赔偿责任。
Article 1219 The medical staff shall explain the medical conditions and treatment measures to the patient in diagnosis and treatment thereof. Where a surgery, a special examination, or a special treatment is needed, the medical staff shall explain to the patient the medical risks, alternative treatment plans, and other information in a timely manner and obtain his express consent. Where it is impossible or inappropriate to do so, the medical staff shall explain it to the patient's close relatives and get their express consent.
第一千二百一十九条 医务人员在诊疗活动中应当向患者说明病情和医疗措施。需要实施手术、特殊检查、特殊治疗的，医务人员应当及时向患者具体说明医疗风险、替代医疗方案等情况，并取得其明确同意；不能或者不宜向患者说明的，应当向患者的近亲属说明，并取得其明确同意。
Where the medical staff fail to fulfill the obligations as provided in the preceding paragraph and thus cause damage to the patient, the medical institution shall assume the liability for compensation.
医务人员未尽到前款义务，造成患者损害的，医疗机构应当承担赔偿责任。
Article 1220 Where consent of a patient or his close relatives cannot be obtained in the case of rescuing a terminally ill patient or in another emergency situation, upon the approval of the person in charge of the medical institution or an authorized person in charge, the corresponding medical measures may be taken immediately.
第一千二百二十条 因抢救生命垂危的患者等紧急情况，不能取得患者或者其近亲属意见的，经医疗机构负责人或者授权的负责人批准，可以立即实施相应的医疗措施。
Article 1221 Where the medical staff fail to fulfill the duty of diagnosing and treating the patient up to the then current appropriate medical level, and thus causes damage to the patient, the medical institution shall assume the liability for compensation.
第一千二百二十一条 医务人员在诊疗活动中未尽到与当时的医疗水平相应的诊疗义务，造成患者损害的，医疗机构应当承担赔偿责任。
Article 1222 A medical institution shall be presumed to be at fault where damage is inflicted on a patient during diagnosis and treatment under any of the following circumstances:
第一千二百二十二条 患者在诊疗活动中受到损害，有下列情形之一的，推定医疗机构有过错：
(1) there is a violation of the provisions of laws, administrative regulations, rules, or other relevant guidelines for diagnosis and treatment;
（一）违反法律、行政法规、规章以及其他有关诊疗规范的规定；
(2) the medical records are concealed or the request for provision thereof is refused; or
（二）隐匿或者拒绝提供与纠纷有关的病历资料；
(3) the medical records are lost, forged, tempered with, or illegally destroyed. .
（三）遗失、伪造、篡改或者违法销毁病历资料。
Article 1223 Where damage is caused to a patient due to a defect in a drug, disinfection product, or medical instrument, or due to the transfusion of substandard blood, the patient may claim compensation against the drug marketing license holder, or the manufacturer of the drug, or the blood supply institution, or against the medical institution. Where the patient claims compensation against a medical institution, the medical institution shall, after paying compensation, have the right to indemnification against the responsible drug marketing license holder, or manufacturer of the drug, or the blood supplier.
第一千二百二十三条 因药品、消毒产品、医疗器械的缺陷，或者输入不合格的血液造成患者损害的，患者可以向药品上市许可持有人、生产者、血液提供机构请求赔偿，也可以向医疗机构请求赔偿。患者向医疗机构请求赔偿的，医疗机构赔偿后，有权向负有责任的药品上市许可持有人、生产者、血液提供机构追偿。
Article 1224 Under any of the following circumstances, a medical institution shall not assume liability for compensation for any damage caused to a patient during diagnosis and treatment:
第一千二百二十四条 患者在诊疗活动中受到损害，有下列情形之一的，医疗机构不承担赔偿责任：
(1) the patient or his close relative does not cooperate with the medical institution to go through diagnosis and treatment which is in compliance with the guidelines therefor;
（一）患者或者其近亲属不配合医疗机构进行符合诊疗规范的诊疗；
(2) the medical staff have fulfilled their duty of providing reasonable diagnosis and treatment in an emergent situation, such as rescuing a terminal patient; or
（二）医务人员在抢救生命垂危的患者等紧急情况下已经尽到合理诊疗义务；
(3) it is difficult to diagnose and treat a patient due to the restriction of the then current medical level.
（三）限于当时的医疗水平难以诊疗。
Under the circumstance specified in Subparagraph (1) of the preceding paragraph, the medical institution or its medical staff shall assume corresponding liability for compensation where they are also at fault.
前款第一项情形中，医疗机构或者其医务人员也有过错的，应当承担相应的赔偿责任。
Article 1225 Medical institutions and their medical staff shall properly enter and maintain medical records such as hospitalization logs, medical orders, test reports, surgical and anesthesia records, pathological data, and nursing records in accordance with the regulations.
第一千二百二十五条 医疗机构及其医务人员应当按照规定填写并妥善保管住院志、医嘱单、检验报告、手术及麻醉记录、病理资料、护理记录等病历资料。
Where a patient requests to examine or make copies of their medical records as provided in the preceding paragraph, the medical institution shall provide the records in a timely manner.
患者要求查阅、复制前款规定的病历资料的，医疗机构应当及时提供。
Article 1226 Medical institutions and their medical staff shall keep their patients’ private information and personal information confidential. Anyone who divulges the private information or personal information of a patient or discloses his medical records without the patient’s consent shall bear tort liability.
第一千二百二十六条 医疗机构及其医务人员应当对患者的隐私和个人信息保密。泄露患者的隐私和个人信息，或者未经患者同意公开其病历资料的，应当承担侵权责任。
Article 1227 Medical institutions and their medical staff shall not conduct unnecessary examinations for their patients in violation of the guidelines for diagnosis and treatment.
第一千二百二十七条 医疗机构及其医务人员不得违反诊疗规范实施不必要的检查。
Article 1228 The lawful rights and interests of a medical institution and its medical staff are protected by law.
第一千二百二十八条 医疗机构及其医务人员的合法权益受法律保护。
Anyone, who interferes with the order of a medical institution, obstructs the work or life of the medical staff, or infringes upon their lawful rights and interests, shall bear liability in accordance with law.
干扰医疗秩序，妨碍医务人员工作、生活，侵害医务人员合法权益的，应当依法承担法律责任。
Chapter VII Liability for Environmental Pollution and Ecological Damage
第七章 环境污染和生态破坏责任
Article 1229 A tortfeasor who has polluted the environment or harmed the ecological system and thus causes damage to others shall bear tort liability.
第一千二百二十九条 因污染环境、破坏生态造成他人损害的，侵权人应当承担侵权责任。
Article 1230 Where any dispute arises from environmental pollution or ecological damage, the actor shall bear the burden to prove that he should not be liable or that his liability could be mitigated as provided by law, and that there is no causation between his act and the damage.
第一千二百三十条 因污染环境、破坏生态发生纠纷，行为人应当就法律规定的不承担责任或者减轻责任的情形及其行为与损害之间不存在因果关系承担举证责任。
Article 1231 Where environmental pollution or ecological damage is caused by two or more tortfeasors, the extent of liability of each tortfeasor shall be determined according to the factors such as the type, concentration, and quantity of discharge of the pollutants, the way, scope, and degree of damage to the ecological system, and the impact of the act on the consequences of damage.
第一千二百三十一条 两个以上侵权人污染环境、破坏生态的，承担责任的大小，根据污染物的种类、浓度、排放量，破坏生态的方式、范围、程度，以及行为对损害后果所起的作用等因素确定。
Article 1232 Where a tortfeasor intentionally pollutes the environment or harms the ecological system in violation of the provisions of law, resulting in serious consequences, the infringed person has the right to request for the corresponding punitive damages.
第一千二百三十二条 侵权人违反法律规定故意污染环境、破坏生态造成严重后果的，被侵权人有权请求相应的惩罚性赔偿。
Article 1233 Where environmental pollution or ecological damage is caused owing to the fault of a third person, the infringed person may claim compensation against either the tortfeasor or the third person. After making compensation, the tortfeasor has the right to indemnification against the third person.
第一千二百三十三条 因第三人的过错污染环境、破坏生态的，被侵权人可以向侵权人请求赔偿，也可以向第三人请求赔偿。侵权人赔偿后，有权向第三人追偿。
Article 1234 Where a tortfeasor causes damage to the ecological environment in violation of the State regulations and restoration is possible, the State authorized agencies or the organizations authorized by law have the right to request the tortfeasor to bear the responsibility for restoration within a reasonable period of time. Where the tortfeasor fails to restore it within the time limit, the State authorized agencies or the organizations authorized by law may initiate the restoration on its own or entrust it with others, provided that any expenses thus incurred shall be borne by the tortfeasor.
第一千二百三十四条 违反国家规定造成生态环境损害，生态环境能够修复的，国家规定的机关或者法律规定的组织有权请求侵权人在合理期限内承担修复责任。侵权人在期限内未修复的，国家规定的机关或者法律规定的组织可以自行或者委托他人进行修复，所需费用由侵权人负担。
Article 1235 Where ecological damage is caused in violation of the State regulations, the State authorized agencies or the organizations authorized by law have the right to request the tortfeasor to compensate the following losses and expenses:
第一千二百三十五条 违反国家规定造成生态环境损害的，国家规定的机关或者法律规定的组织有权请求侵权人赔偿下列损失和费用：
(1) losses caused by loss of service function from the time the ecological environment is damaged to the time the restoration is completed;
（一）生态环境受到损害至修复完成期间服务功能丧失导致的损失；
(2) losses caused by permanent damage to the function of the ecological environment ;
（二）生态环境功能永久性损害造成的损失；
(3) expenses for investigation, appraisal, and assessment of the damage to the ecological environment;
（三）生态环境损害调查、鉴定评估等费用；
(4) expenses for cleaning-up the pollution and restoring the ecological environment; and
（四）清除污染、修复生态环境费用；
(5) other reasonable expenses incurred to prevent the occurrence or aggravation of the damage.
（五）防止损害的发生和扩大所支出的合理费用。
Chapter VIII Liability for Ultra-hazardous Activities
第八章 高度危险责任
Article 1236 A person who engages in ultra-hazardous operations and thus causes damage to another person shall bear tort liability.
第一千二百三十六条 从事高度危险作业造成他人损害的，应当承担侵权责任。
Article 1237 Where a nuclear accident occurs at a civil nuclear facility or when nuclear materials are transported into or out of a civil nuclear facility and damage is thus caused to another person, the operator of the facility shall bear tort liability. However, the operator shall not assume such liability if it can be proven that the damage is caused by a war, an armed conflict, a riot, or under other like circumstances, or the damage is intentionally caused by the victim.
第一千二百三十七条 民用核设施或者运入运出核设施的核材料发生核事故造成他人损害的，民用核设施的营运单位应当承担侵权责任；但是，能够证明损害是因战争、武装冲突、暴乱等情形或者受害人故意造成的，不承担责任。
Article 1238 Where a civil aircraft causes damage to another person, the operator of the aircraft shall bear tort liability, provided that the operator shall not assume any liability if it can be proven that the damage is intentionally caused by the victim.
第一千二百三十八条 民用航空器造成他人损害的，民用航空器的经营者应当承担侵权责任；但是，能够证明损害是因受害人故意造成的，不承担责任。
Article 1239 Where the possession or use of flammable, explosive, highly toxic, highly radioactive, strongly corrosive, highly pathogenic, or other ultrahazardous things causes damage to another person, the possessor or user thereof shall bear tort liability, provided that such a possessor or user shall not assume any liability if it can be proven that the damage was intentionally caused by the victim or caused by force majeure. Where the infringed person is grossly negligent for the occurrence of the damage, the liability of the possessor or user may be mitigated.
第一千二百三十九条 占有或者使用易燃、易爆、剧毒、高放射性、强腐蚀性、高致病性等高度危险物造成他人损害的，占有人或者使用人应当承担侵权责任；但是，能够证明损害是因受害人故意或者不可抗力造成的，不承担责任。被侵权人对损害的发生有重大过失的，可以减轻占有人或者使用人的责任。
Article 1240 Where damage is caused to another person by a person engaging in work at a height, high voltage, or underground excavation activities, or by using high-speed rail transport vehicles, the operator shall bear tort liability, provided that the operator shall not assume any liability if it can be proven that the damage was intentionally caused by the victim or caused by force majeure. Where the infringed person is grossly negligent for the occurrence of the damage, the liability of the operator may be mitigated.
第一千二百四十条 从事高空、高压、地下挖掘活动或者使用高速轨道运输工具造成他人损害的，经营者应当承担侵权责任；但是，能够证明损害是因受害人故意或者不可抗力造成的，不承担责任。被侵权人对损害的发生有重大过失的，可以减轻经营者的责任。
Article 1241 Where damage is caused to another person by an ultra-hazardous thing that is lost or abandoned, the owner shall bear tort liability. Where the owner has delivered the ultra-hazardous thing to another person for management, the manager shall bear tort liability, provided that the owner shall assume joint and several liability with the manager where he is at fault.
第一千二百四十一条 遗失、抛弃高度危险物造成他人损害的，由所有人承担侵权责任。所有人将高度危险物交由他人管理的，由管理人承担侵权责任；所有人有过错的，与管理人承担连带责任。
Article 1242 Where damage is caused to another person by an ultra-hazardous thing that is illegally possessed, the illegal possessor shall bear tort liability. The owner or manager of the thing shall assume joint and several liability with the illegal possessor if he cannot prove that he has fulfilled a high duty of care to prevent the illegal possession.
第一千二百四十二条 非法占有高度危险物造成他人损害的，由非法占有人承担侵权责任。所有人、管理人不能证明对防止非法占有尽到高度注意义务的，与非法占有人承担连带责任。
Article 1243 Where a person, without authorization, enters into an area where ultra-hazardous activities are conducted or ultra-hazardous things are stored therein and is thus injured, the liability of the manager of the area may be mitigated or eliminated if it can be proven that he has taken sufficient security measures and fulfilled the duty of sufficient warning.
第一千二百四十三条 未经许可进入高度危险活动区域或者高度危险物存放区域受到损害，管理人能够证明已经采取足够安全措施并尽到充分警示义务的，可以减轻或者不承担责任。
Article 1244 Where there is a provision of law providing for a limit of compensation for liability incurred as a result of an ultra-hazardous activity, such provision shall be followed unless the damage is caused by the actor intentionally or with gross negligence.
第一千二百四十四条 承担高度危险责任，法律规定赔偿限额的，依照其规定，但是行为人有故意或者重大过失的除外。
Chapter IX Liability for Damage Caused by Domesticated Animals
第九章 饲养动物损害责任
Article 1245 Where a domesticated animal causes damage to another person, the keeper or custodian of the animal shall bear tort liability, provided that his liability may be mitigated or eliminated if it can be proven that the damage is caused by the infringed person intentionally or by gross negligence.
第一千二百四十五条 饲养的动物造成他人损害的，动物饲养人或者管理人应当承担侵权责任；但是，能够证明损害是因被侵权人故意或者重大过失造成的，可以不承担或者减轻责任。
Article 1246 A keeper or custodian of an animal who, in violation of the rules of management, fails to take safety measures on the animal and thus causes damage to another person shall bear tort liability, provided that his liability may be mitigated if it can be proven that the damage is intentionally caused by the infringed person.
第一千二百四十六条 违反管理规定，未对动物采取安全措施造成他人损害的，动物饲养人或者管理人应当承担侵权责任；但是，能够证明损害是因被侵权人故意造成的，可以减轻责任。
Article 1247 Where damage is caused to another person by a dangerous animal that is prohibited from being kept, such as a fierce dog, the keeper or custodian of the animal shall bear tort liability.
第一千二百四十七条 禁止饲养的烈性犬等危险动物造成他人损害的，动物饲养人或者管理人应当承担侵权责任。
Article 1248 Where an animal of a zoo causes damage to another person, the zoo shall bear tort liability unless it can be proven that it has fulfilled its duties of management.
第一千二百四十八条 动物园的动物造成他人损害的，动物园应当承担侵权责任；但是，能够证明尽到管理职责的，不承担侵权责任。
Article 1249 Where an abandoned or escaped animal causes damage to another person during the period of abandonment or escape, the original keeper or custodian of the animal shall bear tort liability.
第一千二百四十九条 遗弃、逃逸的动物在遗弃、逃逸期间造成他人损害的，由动物原饲养人或者管理人承担侵权责任。
Article 1250 Where an animal causes damage to another person due to a third person’s fault, the infringed person may claim compensation against the keeper or custodian of the animal, or against the third person. The keeper or custodian of the animal who has paid compensation has the right to indemnification against the third person.
第一千二百五十条 因第三人的过错致使动物造成他人损害的，被侵权人可以向动物饲养人或者管理人请求赔偿，也可以向第三人请求赔偿。动物饲养人或者管理人赔偿后，有权向第三人追偿。
Article 1251 Anyone who keeps an animal shall abide by laws and regulations, respect social morality, and shall not disturb the life of others.
第一千二百五十一条 饲养动物应当遵守法律法规，尊重社会公德，不得妨碍他人生活。
Chapter X Liability for Damage Caused by Buildings and Objects
第十章 建筑物和物件损害责任
Article 1252 Where a building, structure, or another type of a facility collapses or subsides and causes damage to another person, the project owner and the constructor shall assume joint and several liability, unless they can prove that there is no quality defect. Where the damage is due to the fault of another responsible person, the project owner or constructor who has made compensation has the right to indemnification against the responsible person.
第一千二百五十二条 建筑物、构筑物或者其他设施倒塌、塌陷造成他人损害的，由建设单位与施工单位承担连带责任，但是建设单位与施工单位能够证明不存在质量缺陷的除外。建设单位、施工单位赔偿后，有其他责任人的，有权向其他责任人追偿。
Where a building, structure, or another type of facility collapses or subsides, and damage is thus caused to another person due to the fault of the owner, manager, user, or a third person, the owner, manager, user, or the third person shall bear tort liability.
因所有人、管理人、使用人或者第三人的原因，建筑物、构筑物或者其他设施倒塌、塌陷造成他人损害的，由所有人、管理人、使用人或者第三人承担侵权责任。
Article 1253 Where a building, structure, or another type of facility, or any object laid or hanged thereon, comes loose or falls down and thus causes damage to another person, the owner, manager, or user shall bear tort liability if it cannot be proven that he is not at fault. Where the damage is due to the fault of another responsible person, the owner, manager, or user who has paid compensation has the right to indemnification against the responsible person.
第一千二百五十三条 建筑物、构筑物或者其他设施及其搁置物、悬挂物发生脱落、坠落造成他人损害，所有人、管理人或者使用人不能证明自己没有过错的，应当承担侵权责任。所有人、管理人或者使用人赔偿后，有其他责任人的，有权向其他责任人追偿。
Article 1254 Throwing objects from within a building is prohibited. Where an object thrown from within a building or falling off a building causes damage to another person, the tortfeasor shall bear tort liability in accordance with law. Where it is difficult to identify the specific tortfeasor upon investigation, any user of the building who may have caused the damage shall make compensation, unless he can prove that he is not the tortfeasor. A user of the building who has paid compensation has the right to indemnification against the tortfeasor.
第一千二百五十四条 禁止从建筑物中抛掷物品。从建筑物中抛掷物品或者从建筑物上坠落的物品造成他人损害的，由侵权人依法承担侵权责任；经调查难以确定具体侵权人的，除能够证明自己不是侵权人的外，由可能加害的建筑物使用人给予补偿。可能加害的建筑物使用人补偿后，有权向侵权人追偿。
The manager of a building such as the property management service enterprise shall take necessary security measures to prevent the occurrence of the incident specified in the preceding paragraph. Where no necessary security measures are taken, it shall bear tort liability for failure to perform the obligation of providing security measures in accordance with law.
物业服务企业等建筑物管理人应当采取必要的安全保障措施防止前款规定情形的发生；未采取必要的安全保障措施的，应当依法承担未履行安全保障义务的侵权责任。
Where an incident as specified in the first paragraph of this Article occurs, the relevant authorities, such as the public security department, shall timely conduct investigation in accordance with law and identify the responsible person(s).
发生本条第一款规定的情形的，公安等机关应当依法及时调查，查清责任人。
Article 1255 Where a stack of objects collapses, rolls down, or slips down, and causes damage to another person, the person who piles up the stack shall bear tort liability if he cannot prove that he is not at fault.
第一千二百五十五条 堆放物倒塌、滚落或者滑落造成他人损害，堆放人不能证明自己没有过错的，应当承担侵权责任。
Article 1256 Where damage is caused to another person due to an object stacked, dumped, or left on public road so that the road is obstructed, the actor shall bear tort liability. The public road manager shall assume the corresponding liability if he cannot prove that he has fulfilled his duties such as the duty of clean-up, protection, and warning.
第一千二百五十六条 在公共道路上堆放、倾倒、遗撒妨碍通行的物品造成他人损害的，由行为人承担侵权责任。公共道路管理人不能证明已经尽到清理、防护、警示等义务的，应当承担相应的责任。
Article 1257 Where a breaking or falling tree or a falling fruit causes damage to another person, the owner or manager of the tree shall bear tort liability where he cannot prove that he is not at fault.
第一千二百五十七条 因林木折断、倾倒或者果实坠落等造成他人损害，林木的所有人或者管理人不能证明自己没有过错的，应当承担侵权责任。
Article 1258 Where excavation of the ground or repair or installation of underground facilities is conducted in a public place or on a public road, which causes damage to another person, the constructor shall bear tort liability if he cannot prove that he has posted an obvious warning sign and taken safety measures.
第一千二百五十八条 在公共场所或者道路上挖掘、修缮安装地下设施等造成他人损害，施工人不能证明已经设置明显标志和采取安全措施的，应当承担侵权责任。
Where an underground facility, such as a utility access pit, causes damage to another person, the manager shall bear tort liability if he cannot prove that he has fulfilled his management responsibilities.
窨井等地下设施造成他人损害，管理人不能证明尽到管理职责的，应当承担侵权责任。
Supplementary Provisions
附 则
Article 1259 In the civil law, the terms “not less than”, “not more than”, “within” and “expiration
第一千二百五十九条 民法所称的“以上”、“以下”、“以内”、“届满”，包括本数；所称的“不满”、“超过”、“以外”，不包括本数。
Article 1260 This Code shall come into force on January 1, 2021. The Marriage Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Succession Law of the People’s Republic of China, the General Principles of Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Adoption Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Security Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Contract Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Real Right Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Tort Liability Law of the People’s Republic of China, and the General Provisions of Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China shall be repealed at the same time.
第一千二百六十条 本法自2021年1月1日起施行。《中华人民共和国婚姻法》、《中华人民共和国继承法》、《中华人民共和国民法通则》、《中华人民共和国收养法》、《中华人民共和国担保法》、《中华人民共和国合同法》、《中华人民共和国物权法》、《中华人民共和国侵权责任法》、《中华人民共和国民法总则》同时废止。